Slavery and the Making of Race

• Reverend France Le Tau was disillusioned by American Slavery

• New laws would allow for the separation of 2 races

• Profit would also remain a justification for slavery

• War would colonists to enslave hundreds of Native Americans

• South would create and export enslaved natives and would threaten colonists with the violence involved in them

• Transatlantic slave trade and gruesome merchant ships would provide the labour needed for a growing plantation economy

• “Middle” means many things, from 1 leg in the maritime journey of the triangular trade to transport from Africa to the Americas

• African influence on food (Cassava), music, language, and culture can be seen in America even today

• Portugal would begin the initial stages of the slave trade and be expanded upon by Dutch and English ships, which bought slaves from warlords

• Charlestown was seen as a threat to the Spanish who through Degree of Sanctuary gave freedom to Africans if they swore loyalty

• Enslaved women would be brought in large amounts to birth children who would inherit their mother’s status

• The idea of race and skin colour to identify a group was relatively new

• Gendered and racialized work divisions would become the idealized version of labour in North America

• Men were expected to hold dominion over their households and enslaved people were not seen as masters of the household, granting no legal or religious protection in marriage

Turmoil in Britain

• Religious conflict would cause chaos in England

• Protestantism was declared the official state religion but many were left to surmise what that meant

• Charles 1 would declare civil war, be executed and be replaced by Cromwell

• Colonies were left to their governing apart from the economy and religion

• English Revolution would lead many colonies to remain neutral

• When colonies began to swear allegiance, parliament attempted to control them

• As the crown attempted to tighten control, colonial fears came true

• Native Americans would also start to rise, creating more fear

• James 2 would create the Dominion of New England

  : congregation gall colonies

• Military service became a point of contention

• Colonists would overthrow colonial governments and swear to William and Mary of Orange

• Would represent the liberty of English life and Protestantism

New Colonies

• Maryland was set aside as a new haven for Catholics to prove Protestants and Catholics could live peacefully together

• Most of the immigrants were radical Protestants from Virginia, who overthrew the government prohibiting Anglicanism and Catholicism

• Religion became a motivating factor for the creation of new colonies

• Newtown would be founded by Thomas Hooker who believed Boston was becoming too crowded

• New Haven was also created as a religious experiment but would grow weak and be absorbed into Connecticut

• Rhode Island would become a haven for persecuted groups

• New Amsterdam would be created by the Dutch for the fur trade -. New York would be secured by the English

• Pennsylvania was created by William Penn to become a colony of harmony and would noticeably resist slavery

• North and South Carolina, and Georgia would show English confidence against Spanish claims

• Large rice and indigo plantations were encouraged in the Carolinas

Riot, Rebellion, and revolt

• Pequot War - English Puritans would burn the mystic community and would drive them out

• Pequot, Narragansett and Mohegan who battled for fur would lead to the Europeans choosing sides

• Mohegan would bet on English victory and gain political power

• Wuld later joined King Phillip’s War, ending Native power in New England

• The Killing of a Harvard-educated Native American would lead to the execution of 3 warriors, which led to retaliation against colonists

• Metacom had entered into covenants of submission, seeing them as protection but realized the growing inequality

• Metacom would lead to many natives joining his side or by English mistrust of natives, which would eventually lead to open war

• Narragansett, a powerful Rhode Island tribe was attacked, creating more problems

• New England colonies began to use native allies and a diminishing will to live off the land led to the end of the rebellion and the surrender by Metacom

• Witch fears would also sweep over New England for various reasons

Bacon’s Rebellion

• Baron’s rebellion occurred when debt collectors took Thomas Matthew’s pigs, the militia mistaking Susquehamock people for such collectors, killed them

• The natives would retaliate, leading to escalating violence

• Worried colonists would flood into coastal areas whose governor Berkely would insist on a defensive strategy of forest, which was complicated by the corruption in his government

• Colonists would organize groups with Bacon at its forefront to attack various Indian groups

• Bacon believed Berkely to be a traitor and confronted him, leading to public humiliation for Bacon

• Bacon’s rebellion would spiral out of control with few participants wanting to fight Englishmen

• The rebellion would also come to represent freedom from England and slavery

• The rebels would lose, its leaders would be tried, and the royal fleet would arrive to establish order

• While there existed a time of peace, underlying native hostility and resentment among the poor would lead to increased tensions

• Pope, a Puebloan leader would besiege Sante fe, killing and allowing many to fleed, they would then destroy any evidence of Christianity

• Yamasee would turn against the Carolinas and attempt to destroy them

• Yamasee would attack based on courts shutting down and no legal process left over

• The demand for Native slaves dried up and would be replaced by the Old South and its chattel slavery

• Pennsylvania remained an area where peace with natives would continue

• Fraudulent land agreements, such as the Walking Purchase of 1737 would become a point of contention between Delawares, a native tribe and Pennsylvanians