Drug Use and Abuse Exam 3

Alcohol, Opioids, Steroids, and Psychotherapeutics

a drug that reduces anxiety is called:

anxiolytic

a current nonbenzodiazepine medication prescribed for sleep:

Lunesta

True or False: SSRIs are “cleaner” because they influence only some of the norepinephrine receptors

false

The term _____ is used to describe drugs prescribed because of their special or unique effect on the mind or mental functioning.

psychotherapeutics

The effects of barbiturates are similar to those of _____.

alcohol

Approximately _____ of the U.S. population experience some form of mental disorder in any given year.

25%

Distortions of reality, profoundly blunted mood, and hallucinations are all symptoms of ____.

schizophrenia

effectiveness of antipsychotics are associated with the impact on _____ activity.

dopamine

Which drug can be used in the treatment of mania by patients who cannot tolerate lithium or do not respond to its effect?

tegretol

Warning labels and restrictions have been put in place for administering antidepressants to children due to an increased risk of ____.

suicide

_____, initially used as an anesthesia in surgery, was found to have calming effects on individuals with psychotic disorders. It revolutionized the treatment of psychotic disorders.

Chlorpromazine

One unusual feature of the withdrawal symptoms from benzodiazepines is that _____.

they may not appear for several days after quitting

true or false: withdrawal from both benzodiazepines and barbiturates can be lethal.

true

patients who experience mania are most commonly prescribed ____ to stabilize their moods

lithium

the effects of antipsychotic medications on the _____ generally moderate spontaneous activity and decrease reactivity to stimuli.

reticular activating system

True or false: Antipsychotic medications influence the positive symptoms more than the negative symptoms

true

people who take ____ must avoid most cheeses and some alcoholic beverages in their diets because they contain tyramine.

MAOIs

True or False: Benzodiazepines, but not barbiturates, effect the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor complex.

false

True or False: Those who make more money are more likely to use psychotherapeutic medication.

true

tardive dyskinesia is most characterized by _____.

repetitive, involuntary movements of the mouth and tongue

research has demonstrated a link between depression and atrophy and cell loss in the _____.

hippocampus

symptoms of withdrawal from barbiturates include:

tremors, convulsions, and rebound insomnia

true or false: most drug overdose deaths are due to the combined effects of taking more than one drug.

true

nonbenzodiazepine antianxiety drug

BuSpar

True or False: A decision about use of psychotherapeutic medication during pregnancy is based on consideration of both the mother and unborn child.

true

national surveys suggest that approximately _____ of patients receiving medication report symptomatic relief with psychotherapeutic drugs.

75%

Anabolic steroids are synthetic drugs that resemble:

testosterone

psychological effects of anabolic steroids include:

increased energy levels, euphoria, and increased aggressiveness.

When were anabolic steroids required by law to only be available with a prescription?

1990

What is a common side effect associated with anabolic steroid use in men?

acne

True or false: The use of steroids by Olympic athletes was not banned until 1988.

false

What are common side effects associated with anabolic steroid use in women?

facial hair, deepening of the voice, and baldness.

the tendency for anabolic steroids to induce masculine secondary sexual characteristics is referred to as _____.

androgenic effects.

anabolic steroids can increase a user’s risk for heart disease due to its impact on ____ levels

cholesterol

True or False: Cortisone is NOT an anabolic androgenic steroid.

true

How many ounces of beer is considered a standard drink?

12 ounces

Why does prolonged use of alcohol result in the development of a “beer belly”?

because alcohol reduces the amount of fat in the body that is oxidized.

with blackouts, the individual ____

cannot recall events that occurred during a drinking occasion.

over 90% of the alcohol absorbed is metabolized in what part of the body?

liver

True or false: Cirrhosis of the liver is reversible with long-term abstinence.

false

What is considered moderate drinking that is associated with health benefits?

no more than 2 per day for men and 1 per day for women.

Allen is a heavy drinker who has not had a drink for a couple of days. He is experiencing alcohol withdrawal. What is a symptom he is likely to have?

autonomic symptoms and seizures

According to the 2019/2020 National Survey of Drug Use and Health, about _____% of the U.S sample reported alcohol use in the month preceding the interview.

50%

how many ounces of table wine is considered to be a standard drink

5 ounces

True or False: a person can die from drinking too much alcohol and alcohol withdrawal.

true

true or false: moderate levels of alcohol tend to stimulate males’ libido.

false

how many ounces of what proof liquor is considered to be a standard drink

1\.5 ounces of 80 proof

true or false: worldwide, women and men are equally likely to die from alcohol-related causes.

false

moderate amounts of alcoholic beverages is associated with which health benefit to older adults?

reducing cardiovascular risks

_____ is associated with slower absorption of alcohol

drinking milk before alcohol

_____ is the earliest, most benign effect of alcohol’s effects on the liver.

fatty liver

according to the 2019/2020 national survey on drug use and health, about ____ of the US sample reported alcohol use in the past year

65

true or false: fetal alcohol syndrome is associated with before and after growth deficiencies and distinctive facial abnormalities, but not behavior problems.

false

according to the NSDUH, heavy drinking is defined as

binge drinking 5 or more times in a month

Which neurotransmitter receptors does alcohol affect?

dopamine, glutamate, and GABA

according to the 2019/2020 HSDUH, about _____ of the US sample reported heavy alcohol use in the month preceding the interview

6%

the danger of extreme alcohol withdrawal symptoms including seizures and delirium tremens lasts _____.

from 12 hours to 10 days

True or False: You should have a drink to relax at the end of a rough day for “lower risk use”

false

the legal level of intoxication in most states in the US is a BAC of _____

0\.08

the “asian flushing response” brought about by alcohol use is due to a build-up of _____

acetaldehyde

wernicke syndrome and korsakoff syndrome has been linked to _____ deficiency

thiamine

true or false: chronic heavy drinking can lead to a weakening of the immune system

true

the liver metabolizes alcohol _____

at a constant rate

Which student is most likely to drink alcohol

Tomas, who lives on campus at a state university

true or false: americans drank more alcohol per capita in 1940 than they drink today

false

according to the NSDUH, about ____ of US sample reported binge alcohol use in the month preceding the interview

22%

what is the LD 50 of alcohol?

0\.45-0.50

according to the info presented in class, what are the drinking limits associated with a less than 1% prevalence rate of alcohol use disorders?

never exceed daily limit of 4 for men and 3 for women or the weekly limit of 14 for men and 7 for women.

true or false: an important acute effect of alcohol is a dramatic increase in REM, or dream sleep.

false

Effects of chronic heavy drinking include ______

decreased immune system functioning, sexual functioning problems, and cardiovascular problems.

what substance is especially effective for slowing the body’s absorption rate of alcohol?

milk

true or false: tolerance to the reduced respiration effects of opioids develops more quickly than tolerance to the pain relieving effects.

false

a major risk associated with the intravenous use of heroin includes ______

both overdose and infection with AIDS, hepatitis or other disease from using infected needles.

_____ is a partial opioid agonist that is becoming popular as an alternative to methadone in the treatment of opioid withdrawal.

buprenorphine

opium comes from ____

poppies

the major medical use for opioid drugs is treatment of _____

severe pain

“chasing the dragon” refers to ____ heroin

smoking

Common opioid effects inlcude:

lowered body temp, respiratory depression, and pupil constriction

______ is a combination of buprenorphine and naloxone

suboxone

true or false: in order to address the opioid epidemic, new guidelines for the prescribing of opioids have been developed that include when it is appropriate to prescribe opioids and for how long.

true

the “opium wars” of the 19th century were between great britain and _____

china

narcan/naloxone blocks the effects of heroin and other opioids

true

what is the main difference between morphine and heroin

heroin more readily penetrates the blood-brain barrier

What was a factor leading to increased use of opioids in the 1990s

physicians’ idea that pain patients resisted addiction

the annual number of overdose deaths in which an opioid was involved has been ____ every year since 2015

over 30,000

opioids act by mimicking which neurotransmitter system

endorphins

opioid withdrawal symptoms are best characterized as _____

flu-like in nature

the recovery of many Vietnam veterans from heroin addiction reveals that ______

environment has much to do with recovery

during opioid withdrawal symptoms ____

peak in about 48-72 hours

the rise in illegal use of prescription opioids in the late 1990s and first few years of this century was largely related to what drug?

OxyContin

true or false: today, more people misuse prescription opioids than use heroin

true

true or false: depressants and opioids potentiate one another

true

True or false: People addicted to heroin are generally uninterested in sex.

true

true or false: Methadone is used for the treatment of chronic pain and opioid withdrawal because the effects last for such a short time.

false