Knowt
AP HUG Unit 6 Urbanization Topics
Redlining
Redlining - Neighborhoods are coded by color; red neighborhoods get fewer federal loans
lower grade neighborhoods are typically nonwhite
lack of access to loans keeps them from moving to a better house
enforces residensegregationation
Ghettoization - degradation of inner cities in America
Blockbusting - convincing white homeowners to move out of fear that nonwhites will move into the neighborhood and lower property value
creates residential segregation
Racial Steering - Limiting which houses a person is shown
creates residential segregation
Gentrification - Renovation of areas
can switch areas from lower to the middle class but
may push out black or lower-income families
Impacts of Redlining on people of Color
They get higher interest rates, are denied opportunities, and less secured loans which prevent them from building wealth through home ownership
Lower-grade areas have poor environmental conditions. This means people of color may have worse health, more exposure to pollution, live in above-average temperatures, and have fewer parks
The effects of redlining amplify inequality
Places with higher property taxes also have better schools
this means schools are segregated
nonwhites have less access to better education
people in redlining neighbors can’t afford to move
this hinders generational wealth built through home ownership
reinforces the idea that people who already have money get richer
Gentrification has positive and negative effects
Property values increase
buildings are destroyed
placelessness
People are displaced
can’t afford to live in gentrification places
Solutions:
tax forgiveness
affordable/public housing - occupant pays 30% or less of income on rent even as property values increase
homestead programs
leniency for long-term residents
anti-steering policies
Central Place Theory
Central Places - urban centers that provide services to the hinterland
Hinterland - surrounding rural places
Threshold - minimum amount of people to support an economic activity
Apple stores have a high threshold while Starbucks has a low one
Range - The maximum distance people will travel for a good or service
Auto mechanics have a high range while grocery stores have a low one
The Model
Cities of the same size will be equally apart from each other
this is to prevent overlap in consumer bases
Hexagons represent the market area
it represents the borders for consumers to travel in
the center of the hexagon to the edges represents the range
5 assumptions:
Flat land, no physical barriers.
Uniform soil fertility.
Even distribution of population and purchasing power.
Uniform transportation network.
Goods and services can be sold in all directions.
The location of services is determined by
distance
population
trade area - adjacent regions where a city’s influence is dominant
disposable income
culture/activities specific to an area
more specialized services (Gucci stores, luxury car dealerships, airports, oncologists/specialized hospitals) are found in larger cities
they are needed less often so they require more people to sustain the activity
the activity can’t be supported in smaller towns
have a higher range, threshold, and area
More general services (gas stations, Starbucks, Walmart, fast food restaurants, grocery stores) will appear in small towns and possibly multiple times in larger cities
People don’t want to travel far for something needed often
have a lower range, threshold, and area
Urban Trends
LDCs
Rapid urbanization
creation of primate cities
strains resources
cause by young adults migrating for work
Squatter settlements
typically on the edge of rings
Makeshift and self-construction
unsafe housing from anything found on land
Shock Cities
infrastructural challenges from rapid urbanization
Jakarta
The rapid urbanization in Jakarta disrupts the water system in place from Jakarta’s roots
is sinking
people use wells and aquifers to pump water
because concrete covers land, water cannot be reabsorbed into aquifers
this causes the land to sink
concrete covers land
homes are lost and people have to flee
forward thrust capital
MDCS
Urban Sprawl - diffusion of urban land use and lifestyle
leads to placelessness
less sustainable (more emissions and larger lots)
minimum lot sizes increase prices
Edge Cities
by highways rather than the central city
has own tax base (pull factor)
limited taxes for the central city (push factor)
Suburbs - outlying, functionally uniform regions, often adjacent to the central city
Suburbanization - process as land is urbanized as people and businesses migrate from urban to rural regions
Counter urbanization - increase in rural population due to an increase in desire for a nonurban lifestyle
Exurbs - rings of wealthier rural communities outside of suburbs
historically from cars and commute rails
possible today from telecommunications and remote work
Both
Uneven development - urban development is not spread equally
Islands of Development - pockets of high development in a city
Cumulative Causation - Money going back into already developed regions
Recent Urban Areas
Green belts and new urbanism try to prevent urban sprawl
New Urbanism
healthy living, sustainable growth, and urban development together
seaside Florida and pearl district Oregon
mixed-use, walkability, preserve arable land, lowers carbon emissions
property value raises taxes, residential segregation, and destruction of buildings leads to placelessness
Green Belts
Green belts contain new development in the urban core
leaves arable land untouched
Green cities
using sustainable energy
fossil fuels → wind and solar energy
increased costs and fear that funds will only go to an already wealthy area
Data improves the lives of people in cities
Qualitative data is subjective and typically from open end polls and surveys
Quantitative data is objective and uses numbers from the census and surveys
Previously Released FRQS
Food Deserts
2019 Set 1 Question 1 Page 2
https://apcentral.collegeboard.org/pdf/ap19-frq-human-geography-set-1.pdf
Rubric Pages 2-3
https://apcentral.collegeboard.org/media/pdf/ap19-sg-human-geography-set-1_1.pdf
Galactic City Model
2019 Set 2 Question 2 Page 3
https://apcentral.collegeboard.org/media/pdf/ap19-frq-human-geography-set-2.pdf
Rubric Pages 4-5
https://apcentral.collegeboard.org/media/pdf/ap19-sg-human-geography-set-2_1.pdf
Gentrification
2018 - Question 2 Page 3
https://secure-media.collegeboard.org/ap/pdf/ap18-frq-human-geography.pdf
Rubric Page 5
https://secure-media.collegeboard.org/ap/pdf/ap18-sg-human-geography.pdf
Mixed Use Development and New Urbanism
2017 - Question 1 Page 2
https://apcentral.collegeboard.org/media/pdf/ap-human-geography-frq-2017.pdf
Rubric Pages 2-3
https://secure-media.collegeboard.org/ap/pdf/ap17-sg-human-geo.pdf
Influence of Transportation Model on Urban Growth Patterns
2013 - Question 3 Page 3
https://secure-media.collegeboard.org/digitalServices/pdf/ap/apcentral/ap13_frq_human_geography.pdf
Rubric Page 6
AP HUG Unit 6 Urbanization Topics
Redlining
Redlining - Neighborhoods are coded by color; red neighborhoods get fewer federal loans
lower grade neighborhoods are typically nonwhite
lack of access to loans keeps them from moving to a better house
enforces residensegregationation
Ghettoization - degradation of inner cities in America
Blockbusting - convincing white homeowners to move out of fear that nonwhites will move into the neighborhood and lower property value
creates residential segregation
Racial Steering - Limiting which houses a person is shown
creates residential segregation
Gentrification - Renovation of areas
can switch areas from lower to the middle class but
may push out black or lower-income families
Impacts of Redlining on people of Color
They get higher interest rates, are denied opportunities, and less secured loans which prevent them from building wealth through home ownership
Lower-grade areas have poor environmental conditions. This means people of color may have worse health, more exposure to pollution, live in above-average temperatures, and have fewer parks
The effects of redlining amplify inequality
Places with higher property taxes also have better schools
this means schools are segregated
nonwhites have less access to better education
people in redlining neighbors can’t afford to move
this hinders generational wealth built through home ownership
reinforces the idea that people who already have money get richer
Gentrification has positive and negative effects
Property values increase
buildings are destroyed
placelessness
People are displaced
can’t afford to live in gentrification places
Solutions:
tax forgiveness
affordable/public housing - occupant pays 30% or less of income on rent even as property values increase
homestead programs
leniency for long-term residents
anti-steering policies
Central Place Theory
Central Places - urban centers that provide services to the hinterland
Hinterland - surrounding rural places
Threshold - minimum amount of people to support an economic activity
Apple stores have a high threshold while Starbucks has a low one
Range - The maximum distance people will travel for a good or service
Auto mechanics have a high range while grocery stores have a low one
The Model
Cities of the same size will be equally apart from each other
this is to prevent overlap in consumer bases
Hexagons represent the market area
it represents the borders for consumers to travel in
the center of the hexagon to the edges represents the range
5 assumptions:
Flat land, no physical barriers.
Uniform soil fertility.
Even distribution of population and purchasing power.
Uniform transportation network.
Goods and services can be sold in all directions.
The location of services is determined by
distance
population
trade area - adjacent regions where a city’s influence is dominant
disposable income
culture/activities specific to an area
more specialized services (Gucci stores, luxury car dealerships, airports, oncologists/specialized hospitals) are found in larger cities
they are needed less often so they require more people to sustain the activity
the activity can’t be supported in smaller towns
have a higher range, threshold, and area
More general services (gas stations, Starbucks, Walmart, fast food restaurants, grocery stores) will appear in small towns and possibly multiple times in larger cities
People don’t want to travel far for something needed often
have a lower range, threshold, and area
Urban Trends
LDCs
Rapid urbanization
creation of primate cities
strains resources
cause by young adults migrating for work
Squatter settlements
typically on the edge of rings
Makeshift and self-construction
unsafe housing from anything found on land
Shock Cities
infrastructural challenges from rapid urbanization
Jakarta
The rapid urbanization in Jakarta disrupts the water system in place from Jakarta’s roots
is sinking
people use wells and aquifers to pump water
because concrete covers land, water cannot be reabsorbed into aquifers
this causes the land to sink
concrete covers land
homes are lost and people have to flee
forward thrust capital
MDCS
Urban Sprawl - diffusion of urban land use and lifestyle
leads to placelessness
less sustainable (more emissions and larger lots)
minimum lot sizes increase prices
Edge Cities
by highways rather than the central city
has own tax base (pull factor)
limited taxes for the central city (push factor)
Suburbs - outlying, functionally uniform regions, often adjacent to the central city
Suburbanization - process as land is urbanized as people and businesses migrate from urban to rural regions
Counter urbanization - increase in rural population due to an increase in desire for a nonurban lifestyle
Exurbs - rings of wealthier rural communities outside of suburbs
historically from cars and commute rails
possible today from telecommunications and remote work
Both
Uneven development - urban development is not spread equally
Islands of Development - pockets of high development in a city
Cumulative Causation - Money going back into already developed regions
Recent Urban Areas
Green belts and new urbanism try to prevent urban sprawl
New Urbanism
healthy living, sustainable growth, and urban development together
seaside Florida and pearl district Oregon
mixed-use, walkability, preserve arable land, lowers carbon emissions
property value raises taxes, residential segregation, and destruction of buildings leads to placelessness
Green Belts
Green belts contain new development in the urban core
leaves arable land untouched
Green cities
using sustainable energy
fossil fuels → wind and solar energy
increased costs and fear that funds will only go to an already wealthy area
Data improves the lives of people in cities
Qualitative data is subjective and typically from open end polls and surveys
Quantitative data is objective and uses numbers from the census and surveys
Previously Released FRQS
Food Deserts
2019 Set 1 Question 1 Page 2
https://apcentral.collegeboard.org/pdf/ap19-frq-human-geography-set-1.pdf
Rubric Pages 2-3
https://apcentral.collegeboard.org/media/pdf/ap19-sg-human-geography-set-1_1.pdf
Galactic City Model
2019 Set 2 Question 2 Page 3
https://apcentral.collegeboard.org/media/pdf/ap19-frq-human-geography-set-2.pdf
Rubric Pages 4-5
https://apcentral.collegeboard.org/media/pdf/ap19-sg-human-geography-set-2_1.pdf
Gentrification
2018 - Question 2 Page 3
https://secure-media.collegeboard.org/ap/pdf/ap18-frq-human-geography.pdf
Rubric Page 5
https://secure-media.collegeboard.org/ap/pdf/ap18-sg-human-geography.pdf
Mixed Use Development and New Urbanism
2017 - Question 1 Page 2
https://apcentral.collegeboard.org/media/pdf/ap-human-geography-frq-2017.pdf
Rubric Pages 2-3
https://secure-media.collegeboard.org/ap/pdf/ap17-sg-human-geo.pdf
Influence of Transportation Model on Urban Growth Patterns
2013 - Question 3 Page 3
https://secure-media.collegeboard.org/digitalServices/pdf/ap/apcentral/ap13_frq_human_geography.pdf
Rubric Page 6