Lower-grade areas have poor environmental conditions. This means people of color may have worse health, more exposure to pollution, live in above-average temperatures, and have fewer parks

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]]The effects of redlining amplify inequality]]

Places with higher property taxes also have better schools

this means schools are segregated
nonwhites have less access to better education

people in redlining neighbors can’t afford to move

this hinders generational wealth built through home ownership
reinforces the idea that people who already have money get richer

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{{Gentrification has positive and negative effects{{

Property values increase

buildings are destroyed

placelessness

People are displaced

can’t afford to live in gentrification places
Solutions:
- tax forgiveness
- affordable/public housing - occupant pays 30% or less of income on rent even as property values increase
- homestead programs
- leniency for long-term residents
- anti-steering policies

]]Central Place Theory]]

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Central Places - urban centers that provide services to the hinterland

%%Hinterland%% - surrounding rural places

^^Threshold^^ - minimum amount of people to support an economic activity

Apple stores have a high threshold while Starbucks has a low one

==Range== - The maximum distance people will travel for a good or service

Auto mechanics have a high range while grocery stores have a low one

]]The Model]]

Cities of the same size will be equally apart from each other

this is to prevent overlap in consumer bases

Hexagons represent the market area

it represents the borders for consumers to travel in
the center of the hexagon to the edges represents the range

{{5 assumptions:{{
- Flat land, no physical barriers.
- Uniform soil fertility.
- Even distribution of population and purchasing power.
- Uniform transportation network.
- Goods and services can be sold in all directions.
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%%The location of services is determined by%%

distance
population
trade area - adjacent regions where a city’s influence is dominant
disposable income
culture/activities specific to an area

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^^more specialized services^^ (Gucci stores, luxury car dealerships, airports, oncologists/specialized hospitals) are found in larger cities

they are needed less often so they require more people to sustain the activity

the activity can’t be supported in smaller towns

have a higher range, threshold, and area

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^^More general services^^ (gas stations, Starbucks, Walmart, fast food restaurants, grocery stores) will appear in small towns and possibly multiple times in larger cities

People don’t want to travel far for something needed often

have a lower range, threshold, and area

{{Urban Trends{{

}}LDCs}}

^^Rapid urbanization^^

creation of primate cities
strains resources
cause by young adults migrating for work

==Squatter settlements==

typically on the edge of rings

@@Makeshift and self-construction@@

unsafe housing from anything found on land

Shock Cities

infrastructural challenges from rapid urbanization

}}Jakarta}}

The rapid urbanization in Jakarta disrupts the water system in place from Jakarta’s roots

is sinking
- people use wells and aquifers to pump water
- because concrete covers land, water cannot be reabsorbed into aquifers
- this causes the land to sink
- concrete covers land
homes are lost and people have to flee
forward thrust capital

<<MDCS<<

==Urban Sprawl== - diffusion of urban land use and lifestyle

leads to placelessness
less sustainable (more emissions and larger lots)
minimum lot sizes increase prices

@@Edge Cities@@

by highways rather than the central city
has own tax base (pull factor)
limited taxes for the central city (push factor)

Suburbs - outlying, functionally uniform regions, often adjacent to the central city

%%Suburbanization%% - process as land is urbanized as people and businesses migrate from urban to rural regions

^^Counter urbanization^^ - increase in rural population due to an increase in desire for a nonurban lifestyle

==Exurbs== - rings of wealthier rural communities outside of suburbs

historically from cars and commute rails
possible today from telecommunications and remote work

[[Both[[

Uneven development - urban development is not spread equally

Islands of Development - pockets of high development in a city

Cumulative Causation - Money going back into already developed regions

]]Recent Urban Areas]]

Green belts and new urbanism try to prevent urban sprawl

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New Urbanism

healthy living, sustainable growth, and urban development together
seaside Florida and pearl district Oregon
mixed-use, walkability, preserve arable land, lowers carbon emissions
property value raises taxes, residential segregation, and destruction of buildings leads to placelessness

%%Green Belts%%