Grade 9 Bio - Cellular Respiration + Photosynthesis

Energy

The capacity to do work and cause change.

The two kinds of energy are…

kinetic and potential energy

Kinetic energy

The energy of motion

Potential Energy

energy an object possesses due to its position

Chemical Energy

(a type of potential energy) is stored in bonds and available for release in a chemical reaction.

What is the first law of thermodynamics?

Energy in the universe is constant, it cannot be created nor destroyed.

What is the second law of thermodynamics?

Energy conversions increase the entropy (disorder) in the universe.

Any time energy is converted to another form, some of it is ____ as ____.

lost, heat

Exergonic Reactions

Releases energy

Products have ____ energy than reactants in exergonic reactions.

less

Endergonic Reactions

Requires input of energy

Products have ____ energy than reactants in endergonic reactions.

more

Energy Coupling

Energy from exergonic processes drive endergonic processes.

ATP stands for…

Adenosine Triphosphate

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

The energy currency of cells. An immediate source of energy that powers most cellular work.

ATP is a modified _________.

nucleotide

Hydrolysis of ATP…

releases energy when third phosphate is broken off

When a phosphate group transferred from ATP to another molecule, it is called…

phosphorylation.

Molecules become _________ when they are phosphorylated.

energized

LEO

Loss of Electrons is Oxidation

GER

Gaining Electrons is Reduction

True of False: In photosynthesis, H2O is oxidized, CO2 is reduced, and electrons gain energy

True

True or false: In cellular respiration, Glucose is reduced, O2 is oxidized, and electrons gain potential energy.

False

What major group of macromolecules provide energy for the cell?

Carbohydrates

Cells in our body break down ________ to make ATP.

glucose

Anaerobic Respiration

Respiration without oxygen, which results in 2 ATP and either alcohol or lactic acid as a byproduct

Cellular Respiration Equation

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 --> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP

Aerobic Respiration

Respiration with oxygen available as an electron acceptor at the end of the process. This results in a more extensive breakdown of glucose and about 38 ATP.

What is this an image of?

Aerobic Cellular Respiration

Where does cellular respiration take place?

The mitochondria

Where is the electron transport train?

Inner membrane of the mitochondria

What is another name for the Kreb’s Cycle?

The Citric Acid Cycle

Where does the Kreb’s Cycle happen?

The matrix of the mitochondria.

What is the first cycle of aerobic cellular respiration?

Glycolysis

Glycolysis

Breaks down glucose, a 6-carbon molecule, into two molecules of a 3-carbon compound called pyruvate (pyruvic acid), releases a small amount of ATP.

Where does glycolysis happen?

Cytoplasm

What types of cells do glycolysis?

Every cell

Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)

Completes breakdown of glucose, generates CO2 and small amount of ATP

Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

Uses electrons from NADH and FADH2 to power the production of ATP molecules

True or False: Glycolysis cannot happen without oxygen.

False

What are the 3 inputs of glycolysis?

1 glucose, 2 ATP (activation energy), and 2 NAD+

What are the 3 outputs of glycolysis?

2 pyruvate, 4 ATP, and 2 NADH

What is this an image of?

Glycolysis

True or False: Fermentation is an anaerobic process.

True

Fermentation

energy-generating process that occurs in the absence of oxygen.

The two types of fermentation are _________ fermentation and ______ ____ fermentation.

alcoholic, lactic acid

In alcoholic fermentation, pyruvic acid is converted to ___ and _______.

CO2, ethanol

____ is oxidized to ____ when pyruvate is reduced to ethanol. This recycles ____ to keep glycolysis working

NADH, NAD+, NAD+

3 foods that use fermentation

Bread, beer, yogurt

Each pyruvate molecule is broken down to form ___ (waste) and a ___ ______ ______ _____, which enters the Krebs Cycle

CO2, two-carbon acetyl group

A lot of electrons are carried by ____ and _____ in the Krebs cycle.

NADH, FADH2

For each glucose molecule that enters cellular respiration, how many ATP molecules are produced?

40 (with a net gain of 38)

How many ATPs are formed through glycolysis?

4 (net gain of 2) ATP

How many ATPs are formed through the Kreb’s Cycle?

2 ATP

How many ATPs are formed through ETC?

34 ATP

How many times does the Kreb’s Cycle happen per glucose molecule?

Twice

FADH2…

carries electrons

NADH…

carries electrons

What happens to the CO2 that is released during the Kreb’s Cycle?

It is breathed out.

How many carbons are in a citric acid molecule?

6

Citric acid is ________, so it _____ __ ________.

unstable, loses an electron

A mitochondria’s inner membrane is a…

phospholipid bilayer (semi-permeable)

Electrons _______ on the proteins.

bounce

The electrons bouncing on proteins pushes what inside?

H+

Chemiosmosis

Going from high to low through ATP synthase, producing ATP.

What is the final acceptor of electrons during ETC?

Oxygen

ETC is also known as…

Oxidative Phosphorylation

What is the goal of fermentation?

Change NADH back into NAD+ to continue glycolysis.

What organelle(s) do(es) cellular respiration?

Mitochondria, cytoplasm

What is the useful product of cellular respiration?

ATP

What is the waste product of cellular respiration?

CO2 and H2O

What two things could happen to pyruvate and under what conditions will they occur?

In aerobic conditions, pyruvate enters the citric acid cycle and undergoes oxidative phosphorylation leading to the net production of 32 ATP molecules. In anaerobic conditions, pyruvate converts to lactate through anaerobic glycolysis.

What are the inputs of glycolysis?

2 ATP, 1 glucose, , 2 NAD+

What are the outputs of glycolysis?

2 pyruvate, 2 NADH, 4 ATP

What are the inputs of the Krebs Cycle?

2 pyruvate, 8 NAD+, 2 ADP, 2 FAD

What are the outputs of the Krebs Cycle?

6CO2, 8 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP

What are the inputs of ETC?

O2, NADH, FADH2, ADP

What are the outputs of ETC?

H2O, NAD+, FAD, 34 ATP

Photosynthesis Equation

6CO2+6H2O →(light) →C6H12O6 + O2

Autotrophs

Living things that are able to make their own food without using organic molecules derived from any other living organism

Photoautotrophs

Autotrophs that use the energy of light to produce organic molecules.

Examples of photoautotrophs

plants, algae, protists, some prokaryotes

Chlorophyll

an important light absorbing pigment within chloroplasts, responsible for the green color of plants

Chlorophyll plays a central role in…

converting solar energy to chemical energy

Stomata

Pores in the underside of leaves that can open and close to let materials into and out of the plant

What enters through the stomata?

CO2

What exits the stomata?

O2

Stroma

The dense fluid within the chloroplast.

An envelope of ___ _________ encloses the stroma

two membranes

Thylakoids

interconnected membranous sacs that separate the stroma from the thylakoid space

Grana

Stacks of interconnected thylakoids.

Where do light reactions happen?

Thylakoid membranes

Light energy is converted to

chemical energy and O2

Water is split to provide the __ as well as _________.

O2, electrons

What reduces NADP+ to NADPH?

H+ ions

ATP and NADPH transfer energy from _____ _________ to Calvin Cycle to make sugars

light reactions

What does Photosystem 1 do?

Provides reducing power to reduce NADP to NADPH, which is required for carbon fixation and other synthetic processes

PSII

Where does the Calvin cycle occur?

The stroma of the chloroplast

Carbon Fixation

The process by which plants fix atmospheric carbon to form organic compounds