Dual Credit Western Civ. Quiz 2

Rajas

regional chiefs in India; gave land to Brahmans/Hindu priests, who built temples, converted indigenous populations, and taught land cultivations to natives

Varna Systems

social classification system in Hinduism, based on rules and duties

Mandate of Heaven

(in Song of China) political and religious doctrine that justified the rule of the emperor

flying cash

letters of exchange

Central bureaucracy of scholar

officials chosen through civil service examinations; new class of elites

African Trading Products

salt, fold, slaves, kola nuts, and peppers were traded for iron products, textiles, and salt

popular product found in the Americas

cotton

Chimu Empire

located in the Americas in the Moche Valley on the Pacific Ocean; highly commercialized with an agricultural base ( cotton )

Toltecs

Mexico after the fall of the Maya; maize-based economy, capital of Tula; expansive trade networks into Texas, the Rockies, and Central America

Cahokians in Mississippi River Valley

exchange hub for an entire regional trade networks; mound peoples; loss of surrounding timber and declining water cause of the city’s decline in 1350

Genghis Khan

solidified the Mongolian conquests through kinship networks; expansion began in 1206 under a cluster of united tribes; the elected Temujin leader

Kublai Kahn

defeated the Sing Empire in 1260s using modern gunpowder weapons; founded the Yuan Dynasty

Mongke Kahn

made global domination an aspiration; sacked Baghdad and ended its empire; the vastness of his empire eventually fell due to its vastness and feuding amongst individual Mongol rulers

The Mongol Effect

1- Islam no longer had unifying authority like a caliphate

2- China was introduced to a wide variety of cultures and religions

3- trade offs of fine goods flowed across Afro-Eurasia

4- conquests encouraged interconnectedness

The First Crusade

in the late 1090’s, Pope Urban II called for Christian leaders of Europe to embark on a holy crusade to take back the Holy Lands from the Muslims. 60,00 Europeans embarked on the crusade and took back Jerusalem.

Origins of the Black Death

Mongols besieged Genoese Caffa in 1346 on the Black Sea; retreat of survivors brought back the bubonic plague to Europe, even though ships were not allowed to disembark.

What conditions allowed the Black Plague to Spread Rapidly?

1- Cooler Climate (Little Ice Age)

2- famine in Europe from 1315- 1322

3- drought in Central Eurasia

4- vast trading network across Afro-Eurasia

Red Turban Movement

a blending of variety of religions with traditional Chinese religions; emphasizing a strict diet, and predicted the end of the world

1346-1353

Europe lost 2/3 of its population to the black plague; Jews and Church were blamed; increase of flagellants; new intensity of private piety ( Catharine of Siena )

dynasty

hereditary ruling that passes control from generation to the next

3 Ways to establish Legitimacy

1- Divine Calling ( mandate heaven/ divine right )

2- Established Clear Rules about Succession

3- Ruling Families Elevated Power Through Conquest or Alliance

The Rise of New Islamic States

Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals

Ghazis

Ottoman soldiers

Osman

the first chief of the Ottoman Turks; besieged Bursa in 1326 and captured their first city

Mehmed the Conqueror (1452-1481)

conquered Constantinople in 1453; built his own European fortress and amassed a huge army that plundered the city from a holy cause made by him; renamed the city Istanbul