3.2 - Second Industrial Revolution

Second Industrial Revolution

• - (1865-1900)

  • Made possible by:

    • Government Sponsorship - tariffs, loans, land grants

    • War- creates demand: clothings, transportation for troops, food

    • Abundant resources - iron, coal, water, copper, gold, oil, land, timber

    • Growth of agriculture - wheat, corn, livestock, bonanza farms (corporate agriculture) - increases the food available while reducing the labor needed to produce it

    • Capital - civil war profits; foreign investment

    • Labor - Veterans, immigrants, freedmen

gov’t sponsorship, war, abundant resources, growth of agriculture, capital, labor

Second Industrial Revolution made possible by

Andrew Carnegie

was a Scottish-American industrialist and philanthropist. ——- led the expansion of the American steel industry in the late 19th century and became one of the richest Americans in history.

John D. Rockefeller

• Founder and Owner of Standard Oil Company - founded in 1870

  • Pursued horizontal integration

    • By 1881 controlled 90% of oil refining - was able to excise power over other industries (like rail roads)

Standard Oil

• John D. Rockefeller buys a refinery early on

  • Oil became in high demand to power lamps in early New England

  • Whales killed for their oil to power lamps (more demand, less whales)

  • Development of refining petroleum

    • Crude oil burns dirty because of all the impurities in it

    • Had to “refine” oil and remove flammable material and turned it into kerosine

    • Oil boom in western Pennsylvania (close to good transpiration places)

      • WANTED TO DESTROY COMPETITION

        • 40 drips of soder to 39 to seal cans, lowers prices, drives competition out

        • Once he had enough profit, lower the prices tot he point where he loses money and forces competition to lower prices until that company went bankrupt and then he would buy their company

laissez-faire

is a type of economic system in which transactions between private groups of people are free from any form of economic interventionism. - wiki

Social Darwinism

the practice of misapplying the biological evolutionary language of Charles Darwin to politics, the economy, and society. Many Social Darwinists embraced laissez-faire capitalism and racism. (wiki)

the Great Railroad Strike

sometimes referred to as the Great Upheaval, began on July 14 in Martinsburg, West Virginia, after the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad cut wages for the third time in a year. (wiki)

Unions

is an association of workers formed to negotiate collectively with an employer to protect and further workers' rights and interests.  (Investopedia)

Knights of Labor

was active in the late 19th century, especially the 1880s. It operated in the United States as well in Canada, and had chapters also in Great Britain and Australia. (Wikipedia)

American Federation of Labor

was founded in Columbus, Ohio, in 1886 by an alliance of craft unions eager to provide mutual support and disappointed in the Knights of Labor.  (Wikipedia)

Samuel Gompers

founded the American Federation of Labor and served as the organization's president from 1886 to 1894, and from 1895 until his death in 1924.  (Wikipedia)

Gilded Age

In United States history, the ——- Age is described as the period from about the late 1870s to the late 1890s, which occurred between the Reconstruction Era and the Progressive Era. It was named by 1920s historians after an 1873 Mark Twain novel. (Wikipedia)

Jacob Riis

was a Danish-American social reformer, "muck-raking" journalist, and social documentary photographer. He contributed significantly to the cause of urban reform in the United States of America at the turn of the twentieth century (wikipedia)

How the other Half Lives

an early publication of photojournalism by Jacob Riis, documenting squalid living conditions in New York City slums in the 1880s. (Wikipedia)