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What does the Particle Theory state about matter?
Matter is made up of tiny particles, each substance has its own kind of particle.
What describes the space between particles in matter?
The spaces between the particles are larger than the particles themselves.
How does temperature affect particle movement?
Heated particles move faster than colder particles.
What is a physical property of a substance?
A characteristic that can be determined without changing the composition of that substance.
What are qualitative properties?
Properties that are not measured, often based on observations, such as luster or viscosity.
Define a chemical property. Give an example.
Describes a substance's ability to undergo changes, e.g., flammability or reactivity.
What does the density triangle represent?
Density = Mass/Volume.
What is a physical change?
A change where no new substance is formed and the chemical composition remains the same.
Give an example of a chemical change.
Iron rusting or burning wood.
What are endothermic changes?
Changes that absorb heat from the surroundings, requiring energy to occur.
Describe what happens during exothermic changes.
They release heat to the surroundings as a product of the reaction.
Where are metals found on the periodic table?
On the left and central parts of the periodic table.
How do alkali metals behave in water?
They are highly reactive in water due to having one valence electron.
What are noble gases characterized by?
They are stable and unreactive.
What do halogens form with alkali metals?
Compounds, especially in salt formations.
List one contribution of Democritus to atomic theory.
Proposed that atoms are indivisible and different sizes.
What was John Dalton's main concept about atoms?
Matter is made up of tiny indivisible particles called atoms (which was later proven false).
What significant discovery did Rutherford make during his gold foil experiment?
He discovered the nucleus of the atom.
What does the Bohr model of the atom describe?
Electrons orbit the nucleus in specific energy levels.
How can neutrons be calculated?
By subtracting the atomic number from the atomic mass (rounded).
What are atoms?
Basic building blocks of all matter.
What distinguishes a molecule from a compound?
A molecule is a combination of two kinds of atoms, while a compound can be broken down into simpler substances.
What is the significance of Lewis-Dot Diagrams?
They represent the valence electrons of an atom.
Explain ionic bonds.
They are formed when atoms transfer electrons from one to another, typically between a metal and a nonmetal.
What are diatomic elements?
Pure elements that form molecules with two atoms connected together.
What are alkali metals?
Alkali metals are highly reactive, soft metals found in Group 1 of the periodic table, including lithium, sodium, and potassium.
Alkali earth
Alkaline earth metals are reactive found in Group 2 of the periodic table, including beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, and radium.
What are noble gases?
Noble gases are a group of chemical elements that are stable, unreactive, and found in Group 18 of the periodic table, including helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon.
What are halogens?
Halogens are a group of reactive nonmetals found in Group 17 of the periodic table, including fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, and astatine.
Covalent Bonds
Covalent bonds are formed when two atoms share electrons, typically between nonmetals.
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