STM 007

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Divine Creation Theory

Based on this theory, life on earth is created by a supernatural being called God.

Theory of Catastrophism

According to scientists, this theory assumes that every round of catastrophe/creation is responsible for the evolution of different types of organisms on earth.

Cosmozoic Theory

Life originated from outer space in the form of a resistant spore propelled by radiation pressure, reached Earth, and started the first form of life.

Cosmozoa

According to the Cosmozoic theory, life originated from outer space in the form of a resistant spore called _______.

Philosophical Theory of Eternity

The theory states that life has no beginning and no end.

Abiogenesis Theory

This is also known as the spontaneous generation theory.

Abiogenesis Theory

It states that life can arise from nonliving things such as water, soil, air, etc.

Biogenesis Theory

This states that all living things arise from pre-existing living things.

Biogenesis Theory

Among the six theories provided, this theory was favored most by the scientific community.

Religion or Christian Belief

The people behind the Divine Creation Theory.

Bishop James Ussher and Baron Georges Cuvier

The people behind the Theory of Catastrophism.

Sir Hermann Bondi, Thomas Gold, and Sir Fred Hoyle

The people behind the Philosophical Theory of Eternity.

Richter and Arrhenius

The people behind the Cosmozoic Theory.

Alexander Oparin and J.B.S. Haldane

The people behind the Abiogenesis Theory.

Louis Pasteur

The person behind the Biogenesis Theory.

Atom

The fundamental unit of matter.

Molecule

It is a chemical structure consisting of at least two atoms held together by one or more chemical bonds.

Macromolecules

These are large molecules important to biophysical processes, such as a protein or nucleic acid.

Organelle

A structure that has a specific function within the cell.

Cells

It is the structural and functional unit of life.

Prokaryotes

These are single-celled organisms that do not have membrane-bound organelles.

Eukaryotes

These have membrane-bound organelles like the nucleus

Tissue

Groups of similar cells performing specific functions within an organism.

Nervous Tissues

There are four main types of tissue in animals: epithelial tissues, connective tissues, muscle tissues, and _______.

Ground Tissues

There are three main types of tissue in plants: vascular tissues, dermal tissues, and _______.

Organs

Collections of tissues grouped together performing a common function.

Kidneys, Lungs, Liver, Heart, and Brain

Mammals have five vital organs, namely…

The Leaf, Stem, Root, and Reproductive Structure

Plants have four major organs, namely…

Organ System

A higher level of organization that consists of functionally related organs.

Organisms

These are the living individual entities composed of various organ systems that function altogether.

Population

A group of organisms of the same species living together within a specific area/habitat.

Community

It is a group of organisms composed of different species living together and interacting in a certain area or habitat.

Ecosystem

Group of organisms interacting with the non-living environment.

Biosphere

Global sum of all ecosystems.

Robert Hooke

In 1665, he used a microscope to examine a thin slice of cork.

Hans and Zacharias Janssen

During the 1590s, they invented the compound microscope.

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

In 1674, he became the first man to witness a live cell under a microscope.

Matthias Schleiden

He is a German botanist who, in 1839, showed that the development of all vegetable tissues comes from the activity of cells.

Theodor Schwann

In the same year, this German physiologist proposed that in animals too, every structural element is composed of cells and cell products.

 Rudolf Virchow

In 1855, this German pathologist coined the phrase “Omnis cellula e cellular” meaning cells originate from cells.

Cell Wall

It is the covering of the plant cell which is present only in plants.

Endoplasmic Reticulum

It is a series of interconnected membranous sacs and tubules within the cytoplasm that collectively modifies proteins and synthesizes lipids.

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

It is rough due to the ribosomes attached to the membrane.

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Its function includes the synthesis of carbohydrates, lipids, and steroid hormones.

Cytoplasm

It is the entire region of the cell between the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope.

Cytosol

The fluid portion of the cytoplasm is called **_______.**

Ribosomes

It appears either as clusters or single, tiny dots that float freely in the cytoplasm.

Golgi Body/Apparatus

Sorting, tagging, packaging, and distribution of lipids and proteins destined to leave the cell and for use within the cell takes place in _______.

Camillo Golgi

The Golgi Body/Apparatus were named for _______, an Italian physician who first identified them.

Lysosome

It is also called the suicidal bag of cells which can only be found in animal cells.

Peroxisome

It carries out enzymes that involve oxidation reactions that break down fatty acids and amino acids.

Mitochondria

It is the powerhouse of the cell or energy factories because they are responsible for making adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

It produced through cellular respiration using chemical energy found in glucose and other nutrients.

Chloroplast

It contains the photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll that gives most plants the green color that they use in photosynthesis.

Grana

Chloroplast have closed compartments of stacked membranes called _______ which lie inside the membrane.

Thylakoids

A chloroplast may contain a hundred or more grana and each granum may contain from a few or several dozen disk-shaped structures called _______.

Stroma

Surrounding the thylakoids is a fluid matrix called the _______ where you can find the enzymes used to synthesize glucose during photosynthesis.

Vacuoles

It plays a major role in regulating the cell’s concentration of water in changing environmental conditions.

Tonoplast

The membrane surrounding vacuoles is called the _______.

Microfilaments

They function in cellular movements such as contraction, crawling, and pinching, during cell division, and formation of cellular extension.

Intermediate Filaments

It has no role in cell movement, its function is purely structural.

Microtubules

It helps with the cell-resistant compression, providing a track along which vesicles move through the cell.

Nucleus

It has the genetic material which is the DNA containing the instructions for the structure and function of all living organisms.

Nuclear Envelope

It is the outermost portion of the nucleus that separates the nucleus from cytoplasm.

Nucleoplasm

It is a semi-solid fluid inside the cell.

Bacteria

These are single-celled organisms that lack nucleus or any membrane-bound organelle.

Cell Wall

Its main function is to help in providing support, mechanical strength and rigidity to the cell.

Peptidoglycan

A protein-sugar (polysaccharide) molecule.

Capsule

Its role is to keep bacteria from drying out and protect it from phagocytosis (engulfing) by larger microorganisms.

Cytoplasm

Its function is for cellular growth, metabolism and replication of genetic material of bacterial cells.

Cytoplasm

It  is also called the storehouse of all the chemicals and components that are used to sustain life of a bacteria.

Plasma Membrane

It helps in transportation of substances including removal of wastes from the body and providing a mechanical barrier to the cell.

Ribosome

It also helps in transferring the genetic material of bacterial cells.

Flagella

It is a hair-like structure that provides a means of locomotion.

Pili

It assists the bacteria in attaching or adhering on a surface or sometimes to host.

Nucleoid

It is an irregularly-shaped section of the prokaryotic cell where DNA is housed.