Apush 60s

who were the 3 presidents of the 60s

JFK, LBJ, Nixon

what was JFK's nickname

Jack

describe JFK (3)

- young (43)
- suave
- popular

what achievement did JFK have before becoming president

he was a naval hero; his PT 109 boat was attacked by the Japanese

describe JFK's innaguration

it was intellectual; Robert Frost spoke and Emerson was quoted

what are 2 quotes from JFK's inauguration speech

- "ask not what your country can do for you - ask what you can do for your country"
- "the torch has been passed to a new generation"

what kind of people filled the cabinet of JFK

young people; there were many Harvard graduates

what was the nickname for JFK's cabinet

the "best and brightest"

who was JFK's Secretary of Defense

Robert McNamara

who was JFK's Secretary of State

Dean Rusk

who was JFK's Attorney General; why was this controversial

Robert F. Kennedy; because of nepotism (favoritism because of family)

who was JFK's VP

LBJ (Lyndon Banes Johnson)

what is the relationship between JFK and LBJ

they do not like each other but need each other politcally

what is JFK's domestic program

New Frontier

what were the Peace Corps; who did they represent

young US volunteers who would go to 3rd World Countries to help in any way they could; they represented America

who was the 1st leader of the Peace Corps

Sargent Shriver, JFK's brother in law

what was Alliance for Progress

money for Latin America; like a Marshall Plan for LA

what was the dream of the Space Race

JFK's dream was a man on the moon

what did JFK want to pass money for; did it work

JFK wanted money for education; it will not pass because of problems with Southern Dems. in Congress

what were domestic concerns for JFK (3)

- a steel strike (win for JFK)
- problems with the S Dems and poor relations with Congress
- civil rights

what was a foreign concern for JFK

the cold war was in full force

what happened at the Conference at Vienna

Khrushchev tells JFK, "I'm taking Berlin"

what does JFK do after the Vienna Conference

he personally goes to Berlin; he says "I am a Berliner" in German but messes up and says "I am a jelly donut"

what do the communists do in Berlin in August 1961

they put up the Berlin Wall

what was a key conflict point for the cold war during JFK's admin.; why

Laos; communism was taking over there

what problem does JFK have in Laos

JFK sees he does not have enough troops because massive retaliation cut back on troops

what was the problem with Brinksmanship (massive retaliation) under Eisenhower (3)

- loo limiting
- all or nothing
- military needed to be more flexible

what was the new foreign policy under JFK

Flexible Response

who came up with Flexible Response

Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara

what did Flexible Response do

gave the US more flexibility; we had more conventional forces to use, such as Green Berets

describe Vietnam under JFK (early 60s) (3)

- Diem govt. corrupt
- Buddhist monk protests
- US sends in more troops, but they are not engaged with Vietnamese yet

when was the Bay of Pigs

1961

what was the Bay of Pigs

a CIA plot that began under Eisenhower to overthrow Castro in Cuba

who was going to invade Cuba in the Bay of Pigs

US-trained anti-Castro Cubans

what was the result of the Bay of Pigs

poor planning and intelligence led to it being a disaster for JFK

when was the Cuban Missile Crisis

October 1962

what happened in the Cuban Missile Crisis

US spy planes find out that the Soviets secretly put missiles in Cuba

what were the options in the Cuban Missile crisis and what were the drawback (3)

- land invasion; heavy casualties/act of war
- surgical air strike (take out missiles); act of war
- quarantine (blockade)

why was the CMC tense

we didn't know if the Soviets would attempt to break the blockade or if the situation would lead to ww3

what were the effects of the CMC (3)

- massive soviet buildup
- hot line from Washington DC to Moscow
- JFK called for "peaceful coexistence" (detente)

what were the 1960 Freedom Rides

college students from the N rode buses into the S to protest segregation in interstate bus facilities

who was James Meredith

1st AA to enroll at the Univ. of Mississippi in Oct. '62

what did MLK attempt to do in Birmingham, AL; what was he met with; what was a result

he attempted to register voters; he was met with attack dogs, cattle prods, fire hoses; TV coverage was a result

what was the 1st goal of the Civil Rights movement; why

1st goal was the right to vote; voting\=political power

what caused the Aug. '63 March on Washington DC

it was in support of the Civil Rights Act (passes in '64)

what happened at the March on Washington

MLK gives his "I have a dream" speech

when was JFK assassinated

November 22, 1963

why was JFK in Dallas

to patch things up with the S. Democrats

what did the Warren Commission conclude

that Oswald acted alone

what was LBJ's domestic program

The Great Society

what was LBJ before VP; describe his influence

congressman from TX since 1937; as a senator he was very powerful

describe the personality of LBJ

not a great person but an excellent/effective politician and president

describe LBJs work habits

he was a workaholic; 18hr days

what was the Johnson Treatment

he would get in one's face, using his size to intimidate a person

Because LBJ controls Congress, what is he able to do

because he controls Congress, he is able to get a plethora of legislation passed

what did the Civil Rights Act of 1964 do

outlawed racial, gender, and religious discrimination in public places, hiring, and housing

what did the Civil Rights Act of 1964 lead to

affirmative action (preference for minorities)

what was LBJ's War on Poverty

he wanted to help Appalachia (poor rural cities) and inner cities

what was the Office of Economic Opportunity

the agency responsible for administering most WoP programs

what was VISTA

WoP; would volunteer to help in America's poorest cities; Peace Corps for USA

what was Head Start

WoP; helped disadvantaged preschoolers

what was the Job Corps

WoP program offering work-training for unemployed youth.

what new cabinet position was created under LBJ

Dept. of Housing and Urban Development

who led the HUD

Robert Weaver; 1st AA in the Cabinet

LBJ also gave aid to what

education, which JFK couldn't get through Congress

what were medicare and medicaid

medicare: healthcare for elderly
medicaid: healthcare for poor

what did the Immigration Act of 1965 do

no more quotas

describe immigration in the 60s

shift to more Latin American and Asian immigration instead of European

what did the Voting Rights Act of 1965 do (2)

- 24th amendment (no more poll tax)
- voters now registered at federal level (registration no longer influenced by local prejudices)

who wrote The Other America what was it abt

Michael Harrington; poverty in US

who wrote Unsafe at Any Speed; what was it about

Ralph Nader (original consumer advocate); unsafe automobiles and substandard products

who wrote Silent Spring; what was it about

Rachel Carson; the dangers of pesticides and DDT

who wrote On the Road and what was it about

Jack Kerouac; the Beat Generation (pre-hippies)

who wrote the Feminine Mystique; what was it about

Betty Friedan; women wanting to do more than be housewives

who was on the DEM ticket in the election of 1964

Pres: LBJ
VP: Hubert Humphrey

who was the GOP candidate in the election of 1964

Goldwater

what changes occurred in the GOP during the election of 1964

there was a rise in conservatism in the GOP

what did LBJ fear because of Vietnam

LBJ feared domestic programs (WoP) were at risk because of the cost of Vietnam

what was the Guns and Butter issue

LBJ needs funding for both Vietnam and his domestic programs

what does the US claim NV did; how does the public react

US claims NV fired on a US ship in the Tonkin Gulf; the US public didn't know we had military that far north

what does LBJ do in response to the situation in the Tonkin Gulf

LBJ goes before Congress and asks for the power to "handle the situation"; Congress passes the Tonkin Gulf Resolution

what did the Tonkin Gulf Resolution do

give the president a "blank check" to do what is necessary in Vietnam

what was the effect of the TGR

it took Congress and the US public out of the war

what was Operation Rolling Thunder

massive bombing of NV ordered by Johnson

who were the decision makers in Vietnam (3)

- Robert McNamara
- William Westmoreland: head of US military in Vietnam
- LBJ: chief architect

what was the policy of slow escalation

slowly sending more troops

what was the problem with slow escalation

it misjudged the determination of the North

what happened to McNamara

he is eased out of the cabinet over disagreements with LBJ

what is happening to the popularity of the war when McNamara is eased out of the cabinet

it is becoming unpopular at home and abroad

who were the hawks and doves

hawks: pro war
doves: anti war

what is the Credibility Gap

the difference between what is happening and what the federal government is saying

what is the effect of the Credibility Gap

the public does not trust the government

what does LBJ feel that he is losing during the Vietnam War

LBJ feels that he is losing his Great Society programs because there is not enough funding

what were 2 things people said in protest to the Vietnam War

- "hell no we won't go"
- "Hey, hey, LBJ, how many kids did you kill today"

what was a major turning point of the Vietnam War

Tet Offensive

what was the Tet Offensive

it was a well planned invasion of the South by the North; the Vietcong in the South rose up

who were the Vietcong

communists living in the South

what were the impacts of the Tet Offensive (2)

- the US public feels the govt is lying about NV (credibility gap)
- the media turns against the war (they begin to show the more negative aspects of the war)

what was the response to the failures in Vietnam and the TGR giving the president too much power

War Powers Act

what did the War Powers Act do (2)

- limited the power of the president
- said president must notify congress in deployment of troops