A&P Pratical 1 - UGA

posterior (dorsal)

describes the back or direction toward the back of the body

superior (cranial)

describes a position above or higher than another part of the body

inferior (caudal)

describes a position below or lower than another part of the body

lateral

describes the side or direction toward the side of the body

medial

describes the middle or direction toward the middle of the body

proximal

describes a position in a limb that is nearer to the point of attachment or the trunk of the body

distal

describes a position in a limb that is farther from the point of attachment or the trunk of the body

superficial

describes a position closer to the surface of the body

deep

describes a position farther from the surface of the body

contralateral

describes structures found on opposite sides of the body (right vs. left side)

ipsilateral

describes structures found on the same side of the body

midsagittal

divides the body or an organ vertically into right and left sides; vertical plane runs directly down the middle of the body

parasagittal

divides the body or an organ vertically into right and left sides; vertical plane divides the body into unequal right and left sides

frontal

divides the body or an organ into an anterior (front) portion and posterior (rear) portion

transverse

divides the body or organ horizontally into upper and lower portions

oblique

diagonal section between longitudinal and horizontal and can produce uneven sections

cranial and vertebral

Cavities found in the dorsal body cavity:

thoracic and abdominopelvic

Two cavities that make up the ventral cavity

right hypochondriac region

right lateral region of the abdomen just below the ribs

epigastric region

abdomen region located about the stomach; top middle

left hypochondriac region

left upper region of abdomen below the rib cartilage

right lumbar region

right middle region near the waist

umbilical region

The centermost region, which includes the umbilicus

left lumbar region

left middle region near the waist

Right iliac Region

bottom right region above the pelvis

hypogastric region

inferior to the umbilical region

left iliac region

bottom left region above the pelvis

atom

simplest building block of matter made up of protons, neutrons, and electrons

molecule

two or more atoms combines; chemical building blocks of all body strucutures

cell

the smallest independently functioning unit of a living organism

tissue

a group of multiple similar cells that work together to perform a specific function

organ

an anatomically distinct structure of the body composed of two or ore tissue types that performs one or more specific functions

organ system

a group of organs that work together to perform major functions to meet physiological needs of the body

superior

The eyes are __________ to the mouth.

posterior

The spinal column is ___________ to the sternum

anterior

The toes are found on the __________ portion of the foot.

inferior

The pelvis is _________ to the abdomen

lateral

The thumb is _______ to the other digits

medial

The big toe is the most _________ toe.

proximal

The upper arm is _________ to the wrist

distal

The foot is _______ to the thigh

superficial

The skin is ____________ to the bones.

deep

The brain is _________ to the skull

contralateral

The right foot is _________________ to the left arm.

ipsilateral

The right hand and right shoulder are ________________

mitochondria

peroxisome

smooth ER

lysosome

Golgi apparatus

nucleus

rough ER

ribosome

Mitochondria

Converts energy storage molecules into the major energy molecule, ATP, to power cellular function

peroxisome

Contains enzymes key for lipid metabolism and chemical detoxification

Smooth ER

lipid synthesis

lysosome

Contains digestive enzymes to break down materials

Golgi apparatus function

Sorts, modifies, and ships products from the endoplasmic reticulum

nucleus

Contains the cell's DNA and directs cellular functions.

Rough ER

includes ribosomes for the synthesis and modification of proteins

Ribosome

protein synthesis

G1 phase

the first gap, or growth, phase in the cell cycle and is the phase that varies the most in terms of duration; maybe couple hours or many days

S phase

replication of DNA; 8-10 hours

G2 phase

second phase, during which the cell continues to grow and makes the necessary preparations for mitosis; ~5 hours

prophase

-chromosomes condense and become visible
-spindle fibers emerge from the centrosomes
-nuclear envelope breaks down
-centrosomes move toward opposite poles

prophase

prometaphase

-chromosomes continue to condense
-kinetochores appear at the centromeres
-mitotic spindle microtubules attach to kinetochores

prometaphase

metaphase

-chromosomes are lined up at the metaphase plate
-each sister chromatid is attached to a spindle fiber originating from opposite poles

metaphase

anaphase

-centromeres split into two
-sister chromatids (now called chromosomes) are pulled toward opposite poles
-certain spindle fibers begin to elongate cell

anaphase

telophase

-chromosomes arrive at opposite poles and begin to decondense
-nuclear envelope material surrounds each set of chromosomes
-the mitotic spindle breaks down
-spindle fibers continue to push poles apart

telophase

cytokinesis

-animal cells: a cleavage furrow separates the daughter cells
-plant cells: a cell plate, the precursor to a new cell wall, separates the daughter cells

cytokinesis

anaphase

sister chromatids are pulled to opposite poles

metaphase

sister chromatids line up at middle of cell

telophase

chromosomes de-condense and nuclear envelopes reform

cytokinesis

cleavage furrow separates daughter cells

interphase

significant cell growth to prepare for mitosis

interphase

replication of DNA

prophase

condensation of chromosomes

interphase

cells are not dividing

connective, muscle, nervous, epithelial

What are the 4 types of tissue?

epithelial

covers all exterior surfaces of the body

nervous

communication tissue

connective

support and protection tissue

connective

tissue that binds cell and organs together

epithelial

tissue that forms glands

muscle

tissue for movement

simple squamous epithelium

simple columnar epithelium

non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

transitional epithelium, non-distended

simple cuboidal epithelium

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

pseudostratified epithelium

transitional epithelium, distended

loose connective tissue