Biology B Exam 2

what happened 1 BYA?

an ancestral eukaryotic cell engulfed a photosynthetic eukaryotic cell, rather than digesting it, they evolved to live together forming an endosymbiotic relationship (secondary endosymbiosis)

what happened 1.4-1.5 BYA?

ancestral eukaryotic cell engulfed cyanobacterium, rather than digesting it, it evolved to live together ( primary endosymbiosis 2)

secondary endosymbiosis

led to cells containing plastids with more than 2 envelope membranes; gave life to some photosynthetic protists

primary endosymbiosis 2

led ti eukaryote cells containing chloroplasts with 2 envelope membranes; gave life to planet and algae

what happened 2 BYA?

ancestral prokaryotic cell engulfed an aerobic bacterium , rather than digesting it, they evolved to live together (primary endosymbiosis)

primary endosymbiosis

led ti eukaryotic cells containing chloroplasts with 2 envelope membranes; gave life to humans

protists

all eukaryotes except for plants, animals, and fungi

prokaryotes

all bacteria and archaea

filaments

formation of long chain of cells, some which elongate but don’t divide

aggregates

cells are embedded in a slimy self-produced matrix

MMP’S

magnetotactic bacteria connected by tight intercellular junctions

complex multicellularity

rightly coordinated highly specialized cells; organization, cell communication, division of labor, cell adhesion

organization

forms tissues and organs allowing for complex behaviors and functions

cell communication

complex coordination via special systems

cell adhesion

via sophisticated structures

division of labor

cells different to perform certain roles or functions

what happens if a cell is large and multicellular

call for more energy demands

where does mitochondria have their “real estate” for energy?

i’m the crinkled inner membranes

why do single celled organisms never get big?

they can’t muster the energy

excavate protists

have a feeding groove; giardia: caused from diarrhea, diplomad group: 2 nuclei + multiple flagella

SAR Groups

major group of eukaryotic organisms stramenopiles, alveolates, and rhizarians:

what are organisms in SAR group

Diatoms

Brown Algae

Dinoflagellate

diatoms

unicellular algae, glass like walls composed of hydrogen silica

brown algae

multicellular algae, most are marine, are seaweeds

dinoflagellate

small marine plankton, gives coral its color

archaeoplastids

include red/green algae and land plants (land plants are not protists)

unikonta

amoebas, slime molds, and opisthokonts (fungi/animals- only the unicellular members are protists)

daughter cells

copies of mother cells

mitosis

1 parent cell divided into 2 daughter cells

ploidy

number of complete sets of chromosomes in cell or organism

diploid

2n, 2 sets of chromosomes (2 copies each)

cytokinesis

cytoplasm of parents cells splits into two daughter cells

asexual reproduction

offspring are produced from a single parent and are genetically identical to that parent

meiosis

makes haploid cells from diploid; ensures two gametes combine resulting in correct number of chromosomes; halves them

cell division

parent cell divides into 2 or more daughter cells; results in gametes

zygote

what forms when sperm and egg fuse

sexual reproduction

two parents form offspring genetically different

alphids

offspring produced by the mother from her unfertilized eggs

parthenogenesis

reproduction from a female without fertilization; asexual reproduction

john maynard smith theories

1. a females reproductive mode does not affect the number of offspring she can make

2. a females reproductive mode does not affect the probability that her offspring will survive

asexual species

rare, closely related to sexual species, generally evolved recently