BIO FINAL FALL 2025

what is the evaluation technique for truth claims?

examine the individual’s credentials, examine the presented data (does it follow the scientific method?), are there other studeis to confirm this data, are there any biases from the individual or organization funding

deoxyribose

oxyribose

purine

pyrimidine

5’ phosphate

3’ OH

phosphodiester bonds

what is the function of DNA?

stores and copies genetic information in its cells. this information is ultimately used to create the body’s structural, regulatory, and functional proteins

what is the function of RNA?

assists with gene expression by helping to build proteins. it carries genetic instruction across a cell, it transfers amino acids, and it structurally makes up ribosomes.

what is the monomer of DNA and RNA?

nucleotides

phospholipid

triglyceride

cholesterol

what is the function of lipids in a cell

to form the protective cell membrane, store the organism’s long-term energy, insulate and protect the cells, and relay hormonal signals

what is the monomer of a lipid

fatty acids and glycerol

primary protein structure

amino acid sequence in a polypeptide chain

secondary protein structure

local folding from backbone hydrogen bonds (alpha helix spirals and beta pleated sheets)

tertiary protein structure

overall 3D shape formed of a single polypeptide chain formed from R-group interactions

quaternary protein structure

association of multiple polypeptides into one functional unit

lactose

glucose

what is the function of carbohydrates?

providing cells with energy that can be immediately used or stored, and offering some structural support in plants and fungi

describe the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration.

photosynthesis and cellular respiration form a cycle of energy circulation. in photosynthesis (chloroplast), energy from light drives the production of glucose and oxygen from the atmosphere’s CO2 and H2O. cellular respiration (mitochondria) uses glucose and oxygen to generate ATP, and it releases CO2 and water as by-products into the atmosphere, which will be used again in photosynthesis. The two systems rely heavily on each other to create a continuous energy flow from continuous opposite redox reactions.

what is the equation for photosynthesis?

6CO2 + 6H20 + energy → C6H12O6 + 6O2

where do light dependent reactions occur?

the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast

what are the inputs of a light dependent reaction?

light energy, H2O, ADP and Pi, and NADP+

what are the outputs of a light dependent reaction?

O2, ATP, NADPH

where does the calvin cycle take place?

the stroma of the chloroplast

what are the inputs of the calvin cycle?

CO2, ATP, NADPH

what are the outputs of the calvin cycle?

G3P, ADP and Pi, and NADP+

what is the equation for cellular respiration?

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H20 + energy

where does glycolysis take place?

the cytosol (outside the mitochondria)

what are the inputs of glycolysis?

glucose, 2 ADP + Pi, 2 NAD+

what are the outputs of glycolysis?

2 pyruvate, 2 net ATP, and 2 NADH

where does the krebs cycle take place?

the mitochondrial matrix

what are the inputs for the krebs cycle?

2 acetyl-CoA, 6 NAD+, 2 FAD, 2 ADP + Pi

what are the outputs of the krebs cycle?

4 CO2, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP

where does oxidative phosphorylation take place?

the inner mitochondrial membrane

what are the inputs of oxidative phosphorylation?

NADH, FADH2, O2, ADP + Pi

what are the outputs of oxidative phosphorylation?

approx. 30 ATP, H2O, NAD+ and FAD