Anatomy VOCAB entire overview

Anatomy

body structures and the relationship between structures

Physiology

body functions

Anatomical Position

standard position of the body (standing upright, facing forward, arms at the sides with palms facing forward)

Midline

an imaginary line that divides the body into equal right and left halves

Superior

Towards the head

Inferior

Towards the feet

Anterior/Ventral

Towards the front of the body

Posterior/Dorsal

Towards the back of the body

Superficial

Towards the surface of the body

Deep

Towards the interior of the body, away from the surface

Sagittal

Cuts the body into left and right parts

Midsagittal

Divides the body into equal left and right halves

Frontal/Coronal

Divides the body into a front and back

Transverse/Horizontal

Divides the body into superior and inferior parts

Dorsal cavity

protects the nervous system, and is divided into two subdivisions the cranial cavity and the vertebral cavity.

Cranial cavity

cavity that houses the brain

Spinal Cavity

runs within the vertebral column; encases the spinal cord

Ventral cavity

houses the internal organs (viscera), and is divided into two subdivisions the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity.

Thoracic cavity

chest cavity

Pleural cavity

Surrounds the lungs

Abdominopelvic

Houses Abdominal and Pelvic cavities

Abdominal cavity

contains the stomach, liver, intestines, and other organs

Pelvic cavity

contains urinary bladder, portions of l. intestine and internal reproductive organs

Homeostasis

The process of maintaining a stable internal environment in the body despite external changes

Feedback loop

the basic type of control system in the body

Negative feedback loop

 (most common in the body) reverses changes back towards a normal, stable condition (ex: body temp control)

Positive feedback loop

(less common) amplify or increase the occurrence of events(ex: childbirth or bloodclotting)

Tissue

a group of similar cells that perform a specific function in the body

Epithelial Tissue

tightly packed cells that cover the body surfaces and organs, lines body cavities, and protects it from injury and bacterial invasion (Lacks blood vessels)

Connective Tissue

binds and supports body parts

Muscular Tissue

Contracts producing movement

Nervous Tissue

Responds to stimuli and transmits nerve impulses

Simple Epithelial Tissue

A single layer of cells that covers surfaces and lines cavities in the body

Stratified Epithelial Tissue

composed of 2 or more layers of cells that provide protection and can be found in areas subject to abrasion, such as the skin

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

A type of epithelial tissue composed of a single layer of cube-shaped cells, commonly found in glands and kidney tubules (functions in secretion and absorption)

Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium

multiple layers of cuboidal cells that provide protection, primarily found in larger ducts of glands and some reproductive organs (functions in secretion and absorption)

Simple Columnar Epithelium

epithelial tissue made up of a single layer of tall, column-shaped cells, commonly found in the gastrointestinal tract and uterine lining (involved in absorption and secretion)

Stratified Columnar Epithelium

epithelial tissue consisting of multiple layers of cells, with the outermost layer being columnar. It provides protection and is typically found in parts of the male reproductive system and some glandular ducts

Pseudostratified Epithelium

a type of epithelial tissue that contains cilia and is primarily found in the respiratory tract and reproductive tract, aiding in secretion and movement of mucus and sex cells.

Transitional epithelium

Tissue that changes in response to tension Found in organs that need to stretch (Location: urinary bladder, ureters, urethra)

White fibers

contain collagen which gives the fibers flexibility and strength

Yellow fibers

contain elastin more elastic than collagen but not as strong

Reticular fibers

thin, highly branched collagenous fibers that provide support

Fibrous Connective Tissue

primarily consists of collagen fibers, providing strength and support, and is found in structures such as tendons, ligaments, and fascia

Loose (areolar) Connective Tissue

a type of connective tissue that provides support, elasticity, and nourishment to surrounding tissues (found in organs, muscles, and under the skin)

Adipose tissue

a type of loose connective tissue that stores fat, provides insulation, and protects organs.

Dense Regular Connective Tissue

parallel bundles of collagenous fibers that bind organs together (found in tendons & ligaments )

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

Bundles run in different directions to aid in free movement of skin (found in inner portion of skin)

Reticular Connective/Lymphatic tissue

Tissue that supports the framework of organs, composed of a network of reticular fibers and cells and is part of the immune system (found in the spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrow)

Cartilage

A flexible connective tissue that provides support and cushioning in joints, composed of chondrocytes embedded in a matrix of collagen and elastin (Hyaline cartilage, Elastic cartilage, Fibrocartilage)

Hyaline Cartilage

Most common type of cartilage contains fine collagenous fibers (found in the nose, ends of the long bones and ribs, rings in the trachea)

Elastic Cartilage

A type of cartilage that contains elastic AND collagenous fibers, providing both strength and flexibility (found in the external ear and the epiglottis).

Fibrocartilage

Matrix contains strong collagenous fibers that absorb shock and reduces friction between joints (found in the pads between the vertebrae and knee joints and in the pubic symphysis)

Bones

Hard and dense connective tissue that forms the skeleton, providing structure, support, and protection for the body's organs also a reservoir for minerals and contain marrow for blood cell production

Spongy bone

Found on ends of long bone Contains bony bars and plates called trabeculae separated by irregular spaces Blood cells are made within the red marrow found in here and stores fat in yellow marrow.

Compact Bone

Dense bone tissue that forms the outer layer of bones, providing strength and support. It is composed of tightly packed osteons and is essential for load-bearing.

Blood

A fluid connective tissue that transports oxygen, nutrients, and waste products throughout the body.

Red blood cells (erythrocytes)

carries oxygen

White blood cells (leukocytes)

fights infection

Platelets

fragment of giant cells found in bone marrow, used for clotting the blood

Skeletal Muscle tissue

muscle tissue responsible for voluntary movements of the skeleton, characterized by striated fibers.

Smooth Muscle tissue

involuntary muscle tissue found in walls of hollow organs, characterized by non-striated fibers.

Cardiac Muscle tissue

involuntary muscle tissue found in the heart, characterized by striated fibers and intercalated discs

Nervous Tissue

tissue responsible for transmitting signals throughout the body, composed of neurons and supporting glial cells.

Epidermis

the outermost layer of skin, providing a protective barrier and containing keratinocytes, melanocytes, and other cell types

Dermis

the layer of skin beneath the epidermis, containing connective tissue, blood vessels, hair follicles, and sweat glands

Hypodermis

the innermost layer of skin, composed of loose connective tissue and fat, which provides insulation and cushioning for the body

Keratinization

the process by which keratinocytes in the epidermis produce keratin, leading to the formation of a protective, waterproof barrier.

Five Functions of the Skin

Protection, regulation of temperature, sensation, synthesis of vitamin D, and prevention of water loss.

Functions of the Skeletal system

Support Protection Movement Storage Hematopoiesis (blood cell formation)

Long bones

longer than wide in shape and function primarily in support and movement, containing a medullary cavity filled with bone marrow.

Short bones

bones roughly equal in length and width, providing support and stability with limited motion, commonly found in the wrists and ankles

Flat bones

thin, flat structures that provide protection to internal organs and serve as attachment points for muscles, commonly found in the skull, ribs, and pelvis

Irregular bones

bones with complex shapes that do not fit into other categories, commonly found in the vertebra and facial bones

Osteocytes

mature bone cells

Osteoblasts

Bone forming cells

Osteoclasts

Bone destroying cells

Diaphysis

the shaft or central part of a long bone.

Epiphysis

the end part of a long bone, containing spongy bone and articular cartilage

Periosteum

Outside covering of the diaphysis

Medullary cavity

Cavity of the shaft of the bone

Endosteum

Thin membrane lining the medullary cavity.

Epiphyseal plates

allow for growth of long bone during childhood

Ossification

process of bone tissue formation

Intramembranous Ossification

When fibrous membranes ossify

Endochondral

ossification involves the transformation of cartilage into bone

Fontanelles

soft spots on a baby's skull that allow for growth and flexibility during birth

prime mover

The muscle that does most of the work in a movement

Insertion

Where muscle attaches to a movable bone

Supination

Hand position with the palm turned to the anterior

plantar flexion

Movement when standing on your toes

Inversion

Bottom of foot faces the midline of the body

Synergist

The muscle that helps a prime mover in a movement

Antagonist

A muscle that works opposite to another muscle

Flexor

A muscle that bends a joint, decreasing the angle between two bones

Eversion

Turning the bottom of the foot laterally

Dorsiflexion

Foot elevated so toes point upward

Pronation

Hand position with the palm facing posterior

Synarthroses

A joint type that allows no movement (Found in Skull bones)

Ampiarthroses

A joint that allows slight movement (Found in pubic symphysis)