KAMSC Biomedical Science Endocrine System

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This area releases the hormone melatonin

pineal gland

Which of these neurotransmitters is released exclusively by the autonomic nervous system?

* norepinephrine
* melatonin
* serotonin
* acetylcholine

norepinephrine

The hormone that plays a pivotal role in setting the metabolic rate and thus impacting body temperature is

thyroxine

A hormone that can lower blood levels of calcium ion is

calcitonin

Increased levels of the hormone ________ will lead to increased levels of calcium ion in the blood.

PTH

Parathyroid hormone does all of the following except

* stimulate osteoclast activity
* inhibit osteoblast activity
* build up bone
* stimulate the formation and secretion of calcitriol at the kidneys
* enhance the reabsorption of calcium at the kidneys

build up bone

A hormone that promotes glucose formation in the liver is

cortisol

A hormone that helps us regulate the sodium ion content of the body is

aldosterone

The adrenal medulla produces the hormones

epinephrine and norepinephrine

The pancreatic hormone that causes blood sugar levels to fall is

insulin

When blood glucose levels fall,

glucagon is released

Each of the following is true of the pineal gland except that is

* is a component of the epithalamus
* is a component of the hypothalamus
* secretes melatonin, contains pinealocytes
* responds to light and darkness

is a component of the hypothalamus

Which of the following might occur in an overdose of insulin?

low blood glucose

Two hormones that have opposing effects are called

antagonists

Proper growth does not require which of the following hormones?

* thyroid hormone
* calcitriol
* insulin
* estrogen
* MSH

MSH

An excess of which hormone can lead to acromegaly?

6

The condition known as goiter can result from

too little iodine in the diet

Describe the structural classification of hormones

The structural classification of hormones divides them into amino acid derivatives, peptide hormones (built from amino acids as pro hormones), and lipid derivatives (built from fatty acids or cholesterol)

Define hormone receptor

A hormone receptor is a protein located outside or inside the cell that binds with a specific hormone

Define regulatory hormone

A regulatory hormone is a hormone secreted by the hypothalamus that controls endocrine tissues throughout the body

Name the two lobes of the pituitary gland

Anterior lobe and posterior lobe

In a dehydrated person, how would the amount of ADH released by the posterior lobe of the pituitary change?

It would increase

Norepinephrine and epinephrine are considered to be ___ when released into the bloodstream, but ____ when released at synapses

hormones; neurotransmitters

All target cells

have hormone receptors and can respond to chemical signals

Peptide hormones are

composed of amino acid

Extracellular membrane receptors are used by all of the following types of hormones except

* catecholamines
* peptide hormones
* leukotrienes
* steroid hormones
* prostaglandins

steroid hormones

The link between a first messenger and a second messenger in a cell that responds to peptide hormones is usually

a G protein

When a G protein becomes activated and causes an activation of enxymes,

ATP is consumed and cAMP is formed

Which of the following substances acts as a second messenger?

* insulin
* ACTH
* epinephrine
* cyclic AMP
* TSH

cyclic AMP

An activated G protein can trigger all of the following except

* the opening of calcium ion channels in the membrane
* the release of calcium ions from intracellular stores
* a fall in cAMP levels
* a rise in cAMP levels
* an increase in ATP production

an increase in ATP production

Neurons of the supra-optic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus manufacture

ADH and OXT

The hypothalamus controls secretion by the anterior pituitary by

secreting releasing and inhibiting factors into a tiny portal system

The posterior pituitary gland secretes

ADH

The hormone oxytocin does all of the following except

* promotes uterine contractions
* is responsible for milk expression from the mammary glands
* rises during sexual arousal
* peaks at orgasm in both sexes
* is responsive to osmoreceptors

is responsive to osmoreceptors

Growth hormone does all of the following except

* promote bone growth
* promote muscle growth
* cause fat accumulation within adipocytes
* promote amino acid uptake by cells

cause fat accumulation within adipocytes

The pituitary hormone that triggers the release of thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland is

TSH

The pituitary hormone that controls the release of steroid hormones from the adrenal cortex is

ACTH

The pituitary hormone that promotes egg development in ovaries and sperm development in testes is

FSH

The pituitary hormone that promotes ovarian secretion of progesterone and testicular secretion of testosterone is

LH

The pituitary hormone that stimulates milk production by the mammary glands is

PRL

The pituitary hormone that stimulates cell growth and replication by accelerating protein synthesis is

growth hormone

The pituitary hormone that causes the kidney to reduce water loss is

ADH

TSH plays a key role in ________ of thyroid hormones.

both production and release

The hormone(s) that may be slowly administered by intravenous drip to accelerate labor and delivery is/are

oxytocin

Hormones that regulate the male and female reproductive organs are collectively called

gonadotropins

Which of the following is a known effect of thyroid hormone on peripheral tissues?

* increased oxygen consumption
* increased heart rate
* increased sensitivity to adrenergic stimulation
* increased body temperature
* all of the answers are correct

all of the answers are correct (increased oxygen consumption, increased heart rate, increased sensitivity to adrenergic stimulation, increased body temperature)

Thyroid hormone contains the element

iodine

All of the following are result of thyroid hormones except

* elevated rates of oxygen consumption and energy consumption
* decreased heart rate and force of contraction
* increased sensitivity to sympathetic stimulation
* maintenance of normal sensitivity of respiratory centers
* stimulation of red blood cell formation

decreased heart rate and force of contraction

Identify the hormone labeled 4

thyroid-stimulating hormone

Identify the hormone labeled 1

corticotropin (ACTH)

Identify the hormone labeled 5

thyroxin (thyroid hormone)

Identify the hormone labeled 13

oxytocin