HOSA Human Growth and Development

Infancy

-birth to 1 year
-oral-sensory
-major life event: feeding
-develops trust, caregiver provides basic needs and comfort

Early Childhood

-1 to 6 years

Toddler

-1 to 3 years
-muscular anal
-toilet training
-shame/doubt

Preschool

-3 to 6 years
-locomotor
-initiative vs guilt
-independence

Late Childhood/ School Age

-6 to 12 years
-Industry vs inferiority
-school

Adolescence

-12 to 18/20 years
-idenity vs role confusion
-peer relationships

Early/Young Adulthood

-20/19 to 40 years
-Intimacy vs Isolation

Middle Adulthood

-40 to 65 years
-parenting

Late/Older Adulthood

-65 years to Death
-Ego Integrity vs Despair
-Reaction on and acceptance of life

Life Stages

certain stages of growth and development from birth to death

Types of growth and development

-physical
-mental
-emotional
-social

Physical growth

body growth (height and weight, muscle and nerve development, changes in body organs)

Mental Growth

development of the mind (making judgements, solving problems, deal w/ situations)

Emotional Growth

refers to feelings (dealing with love, growth, hate, sadness)

social growth

refers to interactions and relationships with other people

Physical Development Adolescence

traumatic life stage
physical changes (growth spurts cause height and weight gain)
muscle coordination does not develop as quickly (clumsy)
Puberty
male: deeper voice, pubic hair, facial hair, body hair.
female; menstruation begins, wider hips, pubic hair,

Mental Development Adolescence

-Foundations have already been developed by this age
-Increase of knowledge, sharpening of skills
-learn to accept responsibility for their actions
-Conflict bc they are told that they should "Grow Up" while being reminded they are still children

Emotional Development Adolescence

-Feel inadequate and insecure
-Worry about appearance and abilities
-Respond to peer group influences
-seek security in groups of their own age
-approval of others
-develop and attitude and behavior they associate with "Adult behavior"
-need reassurance support and understanding
-many eating disorders, chemical abuse, and thoughts of suicide can form

Anorexia

______________ Nervosa
psychological disorder, person reduces food intake or refuses to eat at all
Results in metabolic disturbances, excessive weight loss, and if not treated: death
-more common in females
-requires psychological or psychiatric help to treat

Bulima

psychological disorder, person eats excessively, and then fasts or refuses to eat at all
-more common in females
-requires psychological or psychiatric help to treat

Bulimarexia

When a person induces vomiting through laxatives to get rid of food that has been eaten
-more common in females
-requires psychological or psychiatric help to treat

Chemical Abuse

-Use of substances such as alcohol or drugs and the development of physical and/or mental dependence on the chemicals
-can occur in any life stage but is more common in adolescence
-causes: anxiety, stress relief, peer pressure, escape from emotional or physical problems

Suicide

-Found in many life stages, leading cause of death in adolescence
-"always a permanent solution to a temporary problem"

-Risk increases w/ family history, depression, grief over a loss or love affair, failure in school, inability to meet expectations, influence of suicidal friends, major loss or disappointment, previous attempts, recent suicide of family, friends, role models

-Verbal Warning Signs, "I'd Rather Be Dead" or "You'd be better off without me"
-sudden changes in appetite, sleep habits,
-depression
-saying goodbye
-giving away possessions

they are seeking attention and respond to efforts of assistance
Indirect/direct pleas should never be ignored

Physical Infancy Development

most dramatic and rapid changes at growth

Mental Infancy Development

rapid at growth
new borns respond to discomfort such as heat, cold, hunger, or pain by crying
become more aware of their surroundings and care takers
begin to understand words, can eventually make sounds, then words

Emotional Infancy Development

Observed very early
newborns show excitement
by 4 to 6 months they can show distress, delight, anger, disgust, and fear
- these events can have a strong influence in their adulthood

Social Infancy Development

progresses gradually from self-centeredness to the recognition of others in their environment
4 months: recognize their caregivers, smile readily, and stare intently
6 months: watch activities of others, show signs of possession, become shy/withdraw in the presence of strangers
12 months: May still be shy w/ strangers, but freely interact with those familiar.
Mimic and Imitate gestures, facial expressions, and vocal sounds

Dependent on others for all needs
food, cleanliness, rest are essential for physical growth
love and security are essential

Physical Early Childhood Development

during 1 to 6 years physical growth is slower than infancy
muscle coordination allows the child to run, climb, and move freely
Child learns to write, draw, and use a fork and knife
by age 2-3 most teeth have erupted
2-4 learn bowel and bladder control

Mental Early Childhood Development

Develops rapidly
verbal growth progresses from the use of several words at the age of 1 to the use of 1500 to 2500 words at age 6
2 yr olds have a short attention span but are interested in many activities
can remember details and grasp concepts
4 yr olds ask frequent questions
6 yr memory has developed to that the child can make decisions on past and present

Emotional Early Childhood Development

rapid growth
children develop impatience and frustration as they try to do things
anger in the form of "temper tantrums"
children like routine and become stubborn and angry when changes occur
understand the concept of right and wrong

Social Early Childhood Development

Develops from a self centered 1 yr old to a more sociable 6 yr old
strongly attached to their parents and fear any separation

Physical Late Childhood Development

slow but steady
engage in physical activity that requires complex motor activity

Mental Late Childhood Development

increases rapidly
much of the childs life revolves around food
learn to use info to solve problems
begin to understand grasp concepts such as loyalty, honestly, values, and morals,

Emotional Late Childhood Development

6 yr old: fear to go to school (parents' assurance helps)
gradually fears are replaced by the ability to cope
emotions are brought under control
10 to 12: sexual maturity and changes in body functions can lead to depression
can cause children to be restless, anxious, and difficult to understand

make friends more easily

Physical Early Adulthood

most productive life stage
physical development is basically
complete motor coordination is a its peak
prime childbearing time

Mental Early Adulthood

deals with independence, makes career choices, establishes a lifestyle, selects a marital partner, starts a family, and establishes values

Emotion Early Adulthoods

YA are subjected to a lot of emotional stresses related to career, marriage, family=

Social Early Adulthood

frequently involves moving away from a peer group
tend to associate with others who share the same ambitions a and interests, regardless of age

Physical Middle Adulthood

hair begins to gray and thin
skin begins to wrinkle
muscle tone tends to decrease
hearing loss starts
weight gain occurs
females experience menopause

Mental Middle Adulthood

can continue at this age
seek formal education
have learned to cope with many different stresses
allows them to be more confident at making decisions and excellent at analyzing situations

Emotional Middle Adulthood

Period of contentment and satisfaction
emotional foundation during previous stages determine emotional status

fear of aging and loss of youth can lead to depression of insecurity or anxiety

Social Middle Adulthood

Depend on many factors
marital relationships become stronger
parents die and children begin to live on their own

Physical Late Adulthood

physical development is on the decline
all body systems are usually affected
bones become more brittle and are more likely to break
hair looses its volume

changes occur slowly over a period of time

Mental Late Adulthood

Vary among individuals
Elders who are mentally active are more likely to try new activities and learn new things.
memory is the 1st to go
alzheimers & arteriosclerosis

alzheimers

can lead to irreversible loss of memory, deterioration of intellectual functions, speech and gait disturbances

arteriosclerosis

thinking and hardening of the walls of the arteries
can cause decrease blood supply to the brain

Emotional Late Adulthood

varies among individuals
some cope well and remain happy and enjoy life
others become lonely or frustrated depressed
emotional adjustment is necessary

Social Late Adulthood

social adjustment occurs
retirement can affect ones self esteem
some try new activities and make new social contacts

terminal illness

disease that can not be cured and will result in death

Denial

"No, not me!" stage usually when one is told about their terminal illness

Anger

When the patient is no longer able to deny death

Bargaining

Patients accept death but want more time

Depression

When Patients realize that death will come soon and they will no longer be able to be with their families

Acceptance

final stage
patients understand and accept that they are going to die

5 stages of grief

Denial, Anger, Bargaining, Depression, and Acceptance

Hospice care

provides palliative care (care that provides care and comfort)
usually not started until doctor declares that the patient has less that 6 months to live

Physiological Needs

needs required by every human being
food, water, oxygen, protection from extreme temperatures, sleep, elimination of waste materials,

geriatric care

provided to elderly individuals
helps them live longer
the health care worker understands the special needs of the person