chapter 11: neo-freudians (pp)

neo-Freudians

followers of Freud who developed their own competing psychodynamic theories
-focused more on the ego
-still believe childhood largely impacts further development
-believe in plasticity of personality
-little to no mention of sex

modern psychoanalytic theory

listed by psychoanalyst Drew Westen
-more emphasis on the conscious of reality (ego psychology)
-childhood experiences are key in shaping adulthood relationships
-mental representations of how society and personal thoughts influence interactions
-personality development = moving from social dependency to mature, independent relationship styles

Alfred Adler

neo-Freudian who discovered:
-learned helplessness (based on his childhood)
-focused on overcoming inferiority during childhood
-Oedipal complex more based on outperforming opposite sex parent

masculine protest

making up for an inferiority complex, especially from early experiences
-from Adler
-ie, rapper lifestyle

organ inferiority

biologically based defect(s) that gives rise to feelings of inadequacy
-from Adler
-ie, height insecurity

overcompensation

attempts to cover up a sense of inferiority by focusing on outward signs of superiority such as status, wealth, and power
-from Adler
-ie, literally any politician

inferiority complex

basic feelings of inadequacy stemming from childhood experiences
-from Adler

Carl Jung

neo-Freudian who named:
-collective unconscious
-archetypes
-ways of thinking
-expansion of ego + unconscious
-psychic elements (intergenerationally common)

-had an interest in translucent experiences

personal unconscious

the part of the unconscious mind holding one's thoughts and feelings (Jung)

collective unconscious

a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species' history (Jung)

archetype

images and ideals in the collective unconscious (Jung)
-universal emotional symbols (= lying)
-integration of several versions of this = fully developed self
types:
-shadow
-persona
-anima(us)
-mother
-hero
-demon

conscious ego

aspect of personality that is conscious and embodies the sense of self (Jung)

shadow

the repressed, unconscious self (Jung)
-has drives/desires of personal unconscious
-may have animal instincts (thanatos + libido)

persona

the public self (Jung)
-created to hide the shadow
-role via which collective unconscious speaks

anima

a man's internalized image of women (Jung)
-based on experiences w/female family members

animus

a woman's internalized image of men (Jung)
-based on experiences w/male family members

extraversion vs. introversion

psychologically inward + outward (Jung)
-whether a person tends toward being outgoing and sociable or shy and quiet

thinking vs. feeling

how does the individual judge information? (Jung)
-thinking through vs. gut feelings

sensing vs. intuition

'being present in the world' vs. 'figuring things out' (Jung)

Erikson's stages of development

1. trust vs. mistrust
2. autonomy vs. shame and doubt
3. initiative vs. guilt
4. industry vs. inferiority
5. identity vs. role confusion
6. intimacy vs. isolation
7. generativity vs. stagnation
8. integrity vs. despair

trust vs. mistrust

Erikson's first stage
-age range: birth to 1yr
-highlights: whether or not needs will be met, ignored or overindulged
-hope + confidence vs. pessimism

autonomy vs. self-doubt

Erikson's second stage
-age range: 1-3yrs
-highlights: figuring out who is in charge (baby or adult)
-self-confidence vs. shame for autonomy

initiative vs. guilt

Erikson's third stage
-age range: 3-6yrs
-highlights: anticipation/fantasticating of adult life
-curiosity

industry vs. inferiority

Erikson's fourth stage
-age range: 6-11yrs
-highlights: developing skills to 'fit in' and conform
-finding skills to contribute to society

identity vs. identity confusion

Erikson's fifth stage
-age range: 11-20yrs
-highlights: develop a lasting, integrated sense of self
-acceptance of the self
-pinnacle of one's development

identity diffusion

avoiding commitments to one identity
-common in people with no sense of identity

identity foreclosure

commitment to one identity without exploring other options
-common in people with an enforced lack of identity (ie, religious groups)

identity moratorium

exploration of identities without having reached commitment
-common in people with burgeoning sense of identity

identity achievement

progression from moratorium to knowing one's personality

intimacy vs. isolation

Erikson's sixth stage
-age range: 20-50yrs
-highlights: forming deeply personal relationships and/or marrying + beginning families
-partners must know themselves first before committing to each other

generativity vs. stagnation

Erikson's seventh stage
-age range: 50-70
-highlights: doing more to fulfilling one's potential (ie, public service)

integrity vs. despair

Erikson's eighth + last stage
-age range: 70+
-highlights: looking back on one's life when face with a prospect of death

narrative identity

integrates past, present and perceived future into a story of one's personality (McAdams)
-starts in adolescence
-connects who one imagines they were, are and will be

attachment theory

early attachments with parents, caregivers and other loved ones become embedded in unconscious (Bowlby)
-memories of those bonds are used as the basis of later relationships
-sees attachment as the basis of love

strange situation test

a lab-controlled, parent-infant 'separation and reunion' procedure
-used to test the security of a child's attachment

secure attachment

-strange situation test: baby is happy around the parent, has high separation anxiety when parent leaves, and is delighted by their reunion
-adulthood: adult is able to maintain healthy, stable relationships

anxious attachment

-strange situation: baby holds on to the parent, cries at separation, and re-clings to parent at reunion
-adulthood: adult is clingy and emotionally unstable in relationships, likely due to parental neglect
-aka anxious-ambivalent attachment

avoidant attachment

-strange situation: baby ignores the parent the entire duration of the test
-adulthood: adult has a fear/distaste for intimate relationships, likely due to parental abuse