Correlational Research and Its Implications

These flashcards cover key concepts, definitions, and examples relevant to correlational research and its implications as discussed in the lecture.

What is the purpose of correlational research?

To measure the association between two variables.

What does a correlation coefficient represent?

It represents the degree of association between two variables.

What are the two properties of correlations?

Magnitude and direction (positive or negative).

When do we have a positive correlation?

When two variables change in the same direction.

Give an example of a positive correlation mentioned in the notes.

High school GPA and university GPA.

What defines a negative correlation?

When two variables move in opposite directions.

Provide an example of a negative correlation from the notes.

Absences and exam scores.

What range does a correlation coefficient fall within?

It ranges from negative one to positive one.

What indicates a stronger correlation?

A correlation coefficient closer to either negative one or positive one.

What is an important caveat regarding correlation?

Correlation does not equal causation.

What does the third variable problem refer to?

The possibility that a third variable may cause changes in both variables being measured.

Why might we find correlations purely by chance?

By pairing enough variables together, you might find correlations that are not meaningful.

What example illustrates an illusory correlation?

The correlation between the number of Nicolas Cage films and drowning deaths.

How can memory bias affect our perception of correlations?

We tend to remember examples that confirm our beliefs while forgetting counterexamples.

What can contribute to the persistence of irrational beliefs and stereotypes?

Our tendency to focus on confirming information and overlook disconfirming examples.