Honors Bio Final

Flashcards containing vocabulary terms and definitions from Honors Biology lecture notes.

A-site

Accepts the new incoming tRNA with its amino acid

ATP

Adenosine triphosphate, “universal energy storage molecule”

Active transport

move materials against (“up”) the concentration gradient

Aerobic respiration

Uses oxygen to “burn” food bonds to release energy - 36 ATP

Alleles

Different forms of a gene for the same trait

Allosteric action

Many enzymes combine with some type of regulatory molecule which alters the shape of the active site resulting in either activation or inhibition (repressor)

Anaerobic respiration

Doesn’t use oxygen to break down food bonds to get energy - 2 ATP

Anticodon

Three bases in tRNA

Aster rays

New skeleton

Autolysis

“Self destruction”, done by lysosome/suicide sac

Bateson

Gave us hereditary, zygote, homozygous, and heterozygous

Binary fission

Form of asexual reproduction where one body becomes two

Biological tracers

Radioisotopes that can be put in living systems in order to find their pathways

Biosynthesis

Production of complex molecules within living organisms or cells (ex: protein synthesis)

CAP

Provides an attraction point for the ribosome and protects mRNA from enzymes in the cytoplasm, protects from nuclease

Capillarity

When water crawls up into a small space because it is attracted to molecules in that space

Carcinogen

Any substance that causes cancer (mutagens)

Carrier

Person that is heterozygous for a trait (have the recessive trait but don’t display that trait but can pass it down to their offspring)

Cell Cycle

Life span or generation time of a cell from its beginning, through its growth and to the time when it will divide

Cell Theory

Basic unit of structure, basic unit of function, come from pre- existing cells

Cell junctions

Points of attachment between cells

Cell plate

The fusion of these vesicles forms new cell membranes between the two cells and cell wall is then deposited by each cell (in plants)

Cell wall

Provides protection and support in plants

Cell/plasma membrane

Selectively permeable membrane separating cell from outside environment

Cellular respiration

A biochemical process used to extract energy found in the chemical bonds of food (C-C and C-H chains) and convert it into an energy storage molecule that can be used for all cellular activity

Cellulose

Main component of cell wall

Centriole

Made up of a 9+0 pattern of microtubules lying at right angles to each other

Centromere

Constricted region on a chromosome where sister chromatids are joined

Centrosome

“Cell center”, non-membrane bound structure located in a dense region of the cytoplasm, composed of two centrioles; involved in cytoskeleton formation and cell division

Chemosynthesis

Organisms use chemical energy rather than sunlight to produce food

Chlorophyll

Green pigment

Chloroplast

Contain photo-pigments that capture solar energy and are involved in energy production

Chromatids

One of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome, joined at the centromere

Chromatin

Combination of DNA and histones

Chromoplasts

“Colored plastids”, contain pigments that give characteristic colors to flowers and fruits, aid in pollination and seed dispersal

Chromosomes

Colored bodies

Cilia

Short, membrane covered hair-like projections (usually many)

Cleavage furrow

Ring of actin microfilaments pulling in

Codons

Every three bases in mRNA

Complementary

Specific pairing of of nucleotide bases in RNA and DNA

Concentration gradient

The difference between the high and low concentration

Consensus sequence

Most commonly used sequence of bases in a promoter (ex: TATAAT)

Cristae

Infolding of inner membrane, holds enzymes needed by the cell to produce energy, provides from surface energy for greater energy production

Crossing-over

Chromatids of homologous chromosomes exchange segments during synapsis producing recombinants (happens during synapsis/prophase 1)

Cytokinesis

Division of the cytoplasm (cell plate in plant cells and cleavage furrow in animal cells)

Cytolysis

Cell destruction (bursting)

Cytoplasm

Located outside of the nucleus where translation occurs

Cytoskeleton

A combination of solid protein filaments and hollow protein tubules that have a supportive role

DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid

DNA helicase

Unzips strands of DNA

DNA polymerase

Adds complementary bases in a 5’ to 3’ direction only

DNA replication

DNA makes a copy of itself

DNA templating

When the nucleotide sequence of DNA is copied by complementary base pairing into either DNA or RNA

Daughter cells

Produced by parent cells, have identical genetic components

Denatured

3D shape is altered because of damage to secondary and tertiary bonds

Deoxyribose sugar

Sugar in DNA

Dialysis

Diffusion of a solute across a membrane

Diffusion

Movement of molecules from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration

Dihybrid cross

Crossing two traits at the same time

Diploid

Full set/2n

Dominant gene

Are always expressed if inherited

Double helix

Twisted/spiral ladder

E-site

Where the free tRNA “exits” the ribosome to go and pick up new amino acids

ER

Layers of cisternae with interconnection channels that can be attached to the nuclear envelope and the cell membrane itself

Editing

A series of steps that modifies nRNA into functioning mRNA

Elongation

Building the growing polypeptide

Endergonic reactions

Absorb energy

Endocytosis

Movement of materials into the cell

Endosymbiosis

A symbiotic relationship where two organisms live together, one inside the other, and both benefit from the relationship

Eukaryotic

“True nucleus”, have membrane-bound organelles

Exergonic reactions

Release energy

Exocytosis

Movement of materials out of the cell

Exons

Good or expressed segments

Extracellular

Lysosome secreted outside the cell and then digested nutrients are absorbed into the cell

Facilitated diffusion

Solute passes through a membrane aided by “transport protein” down a concentration gradient

Fermentation

Form of anaerobic respiration

Fertilization

Union of the male and female gametes combining two sets of genetic material producing a zygote

First Law of Thermodynamics

Matter and energy can be neither created nor destroyed, but can be transformed

Flagella

Long, membrane covered whip-like projections (usually only a few)

Gametes

Sex cells

Gametogenesis

Process in which the gametes transition into mature, functioning sex cells

Gene activation

Turning a gene on

Gene expression

When gene is transcribed

Gene regulation

What controls the expression of a gene

Genotype

Type of genes present in an organism

Glucose

Primary end product of photosynthesis

Glycolysis

“Destruction/splitting of sugar”, initial breakdown of glucose without the use of oxygen, Occurs outside the mitochondria (cytoplasm), Produces 2 ATP

Golgi complex

A series of highly compacted, flattened sacs surrounded by small transport vesicles, concentrates materials

Gonads

Sex organs

Granum

Thylakoids arranged in stacks

Haploid

One half the diploid number

Heterozygous

Two alleles are different

Histones

Proteins that cover DNA found in nucleus

Homeostasis

A “steady state” between a cell and its environment, when cells maintain a stable internal environment despite changes to their external environment

Homologous chromosomes

Matched pairs of chromosomes that contain genes for the same “traits” located in the same positions on the pair

Homozygous

Two alleles are the same

Hooke

Coined the term “cells”

Hydrogen bond

“Attraction” between a covalently bonded hydrogen and an atom in another molecule

Hydrolysis

The reverse of condensation reactions

Hydrophilic

“Water loving”