CDEP (Hiistory D7)

Abstract Expressionisim

A movement in which artists typically applied paint rapidly, and with force to their huge canvases in an effort to show feelings and emotions, painting gesturally, non-geometriclly, sometimes applying paint with large brushes, sometimes dripping or even throwing it onto canvas.

Action Painting

A term coined by critic Harold Rosenberg to reflect his understanding that the Abstract Expressionist canvas was "no longer a picture, but an event."

Pop Art

The most significant style to emerge in America in the 60's whose popular imagery was derived from commercial sources, the mass media and everyday life.

Roy Lichtenstein

Startled the art world in 1962, exhibiting paintings baased on comic book cartoons.

Andy Warhol

leading figure in the visual art movement known as pop art. His works explore the relationship between artistic expression, celebrity culture and advertisment

OP Art (Optical Art)

The recognizable objects is totally eliminated in favor of geometric abstraction. The artists produce kinetic effects, arrangements of colors, lines and shapes, or some combinations of these elements.

Post Modernism

A movement in architecture and the decorative arts in reaction to the principles and practices of modernisim, encouraging the use of the elements from the historical vernacular styles and often playful illusion, decoration, and complexity.

Roberto Venturi

Published the manifesto, complexity and contradiction in archi.; 'Less is a bore'

Michael Graves

Developed a wide-ranging eclecticisim in which he abstracted historical forms and emphasized the use of color. Generates an ironic, vision of classicism in which his buildings have become classical in their mass and order.

Philip Johnson

The man who brought Van Der Rohe to the US and introduced NY to the Modern Style, dubbed International Style.

High Tech

A style that goals to liberate the maximum volume of space by positioning all its working, the stairs, lifts, escalators, etc. - outside the interior envelope of the building. A.K.A. structural expressionisim

Norman Foster

The "High Tech" vocabulary of Foster Associates shows an uncompromising exploration of technological innovations and forms. Design emphasize the repetition of industrialized "modular" units in which prefabricated off-site-manufactured elements are frequently employed.

Richard Rogers

His interest in uninterrupted interior spaces has made him heir to the functionalist tradition. His concern with total flexibility and obvious technical imagery has been termed late modern.

Renzo Piano

Investigated the world of machine and the properties of timber, brick and plywood

Brutalisim

A movement in architecture emphasizing the aesthetic use of basic building processes, especially of cast-in-place concrete, with no apparent concern for visiual amenity. Based in part on Le Corbusier's Unite d' Habitation. Derived from french term "Beton Brut" meaning "Rough Concrete"

Expressionism

Evolved from the work of avant garde artists and designers in Germany and other European countries during the first decades of the 20th century.

-Distorted shapes

-Fragmented lines

-Organic or biomorphic forms

-Massive sculpted shapes

-Extensive use of concrete and brick

-Lack of symmetry

Regionalism

Reaction against modernisim. An avant-gardist, modernist approach, but one that starts from the premises of local or regional architecture. It was first used by the architectural theorist Alexander Tzonis and Liane Lefaivreit.

Deconstructivisim

An approach to building design that attempts to view architecture in bits and pieces. The basic elements of architecture are dismantled. Deconstructive ideas are borrowed from the French philosopher Jacques Derrida

Formalisim

Ephasizes Form. Shape, often on a monumental scale, is the focus of attention. Lines and rigid geometric shapes predominate in architecture.

Islamic Arts

The arts of Mohammedan countries.

5 Pillars of Islam

1) Shahada: faith

2) Salat: ritual prayers

3) Zakat: paying an alms

4) Sawm: fasting

5) Hajj: pilgrimage to mecca

Types of Islamic Art

1) Calligraphy: arabic text

2) Carpets: usually made of sheep wool, goat or camel hair

3) Metalwork: inlaid with gold, silver, and copper

4) Pottery: tin-glazed / luster-painter (lusterware)

5) Sgraffito ware: scratching to a surface to reveal a lower layer of a contrasting color.

Islamic Architectural Elements

1) Dome

2) Archading

3) Vaulting

Islamic Architectural Decorations

1) Mouldings and Friezes

2) Crestings

3) Carvings in Bas Relief

4) Stone Inlay and Mosaic

5) Patterned Brickwork

6) Carved Stucco

7) Ceramic Facing and Mosaic

8) Glass Mosaic

9) Painting

10) Timber Inlay

11) Arabesques

12) Decorative Bonding or Brickwork

13) Screen or Pierced Grilles in Marble

Types of Indian Architecture

1) Mosque / Masjid: principal place of worship (inward looking building)

2) Palace with Courtyard

3) Tombs

4) Fortress

5) Madrasah: a theological school, generally arranged around a courtyard

Parts of a Mosque

1) Sahn: courtyard

2) Haram: covered area

3) Mihrab: niche oriented towards mecca

4) Dikka: where koran is recited

5) Maqsura: enclosure in a mosque

6) Minbar: raised platform

7) Iwan, Ivan: open-fronted vault

8) Minaret: tower

9) Qibla Wall: axis oriented towards Mecca

10) Bab: gateway

11) Musalla: central area for prayer

12) Harem: private chamber (women)

13) Selamlik: guest's quarters (men)

Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem

Believed to be the place from which the Prophet Muhammad ascended into heaven during his night journey to heaven. The oldest Islamic monument..

Great Mosque of Cordoba, Spain

Known for its pryer hall which is compromised of double arcades with which the lower arches are of horseshoe form and have voussoirs of white stone and red brick.

Taj Mahal, India

White-splendored tomb was built by Emperor Shah Jahan in the memory of his favourite wife, Arjumand Banu Begum, better known as Mumtaz Mahal. It sits on a raised platform surrounded by four minarets.

Great Mosque, Iraq

The largest mosque ever built, it has a cone-shaped minaret that is encircled by an outer ramp on the form of a spiral.

Mecca, Saudi Arabia

Center of Islamic world and the birthplace of both the Prophet Muhammad and the religion he founded. Ka'aba - the focal point of Mecca "House of God" covered in gold embroidered black fabric.

Alhambra, Spain

A richly decorated and elaborate palace and fortress

Chinese Art

Known as the "Middle Kingdom" because it was thought to be the center of the universe.

Chinese 4 Main Social Classes

1) Scholar-gentry

2) Peasants

3) Artisans

4) Merchants

Shang Dynasty

Known as the bronze period; known for bronze casting or the manufacture of metal using clay models.

Qin Dynasty

Qin Shi Huangdi unified china by implementing strict laws, taxing everyone and introducing one script for writing, one standard each for money, weights and measurements. (Terra Cotta Warriors 3000 life-size foot soldiers buried in the tomb of Qin)

Han Dynasty

Founded by Lui Bang. Buddhisim started to spread. Extension of ancient chinese boundaries. Paper invented in China & calligraphy.

Tang Dynasty

Golden age of Chinese Arts

Types of Chinese Art

1) Porcelain: Blue and White Wares / Blanc de Chine / Polychrome Colored Porcelain

2) Jade Ware: Jade Cicada placed on the mouth of a deceased person

3) Calligraphy: done in silk, then later paper

4) Paintings: paper & silk in long scroll forms. Fan painting & tempra painting

Chines Architecture

-Podium, Main Body, and Pitch Roof.

-Structural system is Timber

-Dou-gong bracket system

-Bold ornamentation

-Structural system is exposed

Taoisim

Teaches individualism and transcendence through direct connection with the natural world. (Tao - incomprehensible natural force which all events in the universe infailingly follow)

Confucianisim

Emphasized strict adherence to social conventions and rituals for the proper functioning of the state (teachings of Lao Tzu)

Buddhisim

A path of practice and spiritual development leading to insight into the true nature of reality.

Taoisim in Art and Architecture

- Decoration reflects Taoist pursuit of luck and fulfillment, long lifespan and enclosing into the fairyland. Resort to nature topography.

- Symmetric, main walls on central axis. Usually, on the northwest corner. Lucky land to meet God will be located.

- Bagua style in which all structures surround the "Danlu" (stove to make pills of immortality) in the center.

Confucianisim in Art and Architecture

- Yin-yang balance and symmetry

- Curved roofs

- Feng shui

- Number 9, odd numbers considered masculine

-Centric or symmetrical shapes

- Significance of colors (Yellow: sole use of emperor, Green: palace buildings, Red: happines and solemnity)

-Zoomorphic symbolisims (Dragon: emperor, Phoenix: empress, Lion: guardian)

Chinese Architectural Elements

-Dougong Bracket

-Curved Roof

-Glazed Tiles

-Zaojing or Caisson Ceiling

-Garden or Landscaping

Architectural Forms

1) Temple

2) Pagoda

3) Pai-lou or Paifang

4) Pavillion

The Forbiden City

Home of 24 Chinese emperors for nearly 500 years, composed of a palace complex, the gate of great peace, Qiniandan hall of prayer and hall of supreme justice. It has 9,999 rooms

Great Wall of China

A fortified wall commenced under the Zhou dynasty to protect China against nomads from the north and serve as a means of communication.

Temple of Heaven

China's largest existing complex of ancient sacrificial buildings. It was built in 1420 for emperors to worship heaven. 38m in height and 30m in diameter.

Potala Palace

Built as a residence for the Dalai Lama, it rises 200m against a hillside, has 9 storeys and is colored white, red and gold leaf.

Japanese Art

-Chinese influence

-Feudalisim

-200yrs closed to outside world

-Religion: Shinto, Indigenous Polydemonism; Buddhisim

-Geography and Geology

-Un-stratified volcanic stone-granites and prophyries

-Climate winter and summer

Japanese Art

1) Painting

> Calligraphic Script: inspiration from china

> Pictorial: genre scenes

-Yamato: national style of painting

-Kakemono: vertical silk

-Makimono: horizontal silk

-Screen painting

2) Wood Block Prints: (Ukiyo-e) scenes of the floating world

3) Ceramics

-Kakiemon-de pattern: angular flowering (red,green,blue, &gold)

-Imari pattern: strong floral and brocade (heavy saturated color)

4) Laquerwork

5) Weaponry

Japanese Tea Ceremony

Chanoyu, Sado or simply Ocha

Japanese Tea Ceremony Utensils

>Chai-re: tea caddy

>Chakin: hemp cloth

>Chasen: bamboo whisk

>Chasaku: tea scoop

>Chawan: tea bowl

>Fukusa: silk cloth

>Furo: brazier

>Hishaku: laddle

>Kama: pot/kettle

>Kensui: waste water receptacle

Wabi-Sabi

Buddhist principle that means quiet simplicity merged with quiet elegance.

Bonsai

The art of cultivating miniature trees

Ikebana

The Japanese style of floral arrangements characterized by their linear forms.

Kabuki

traditional Japanese theater with all actors ensemble wearing heavy make up

Origami

Japanese art of folding a paper

Noh

Japanese theater with actors wearing masks