medicine- c1900-present: Modern Britain

Understanding genetics- what did mendel show, when

during the 19th century mendel showed how human characteristics could be passed between generations

what are some examples of new tech, what did they allow

in the 20th century (electron microscopes, x-rays) let scientists analyse human cells in greater detail

what did they find

that every cell in the body contains dna fitted together

when was the double helix styructure worked out?

1953 by analysing crystallography - rosalind franklin and maurice wilkins at king’s college hospital

what occured in 1900?

james watson led the human genome project and started identifying and mapping every gene in human dna

NEW POSSIBILITIES- what has discovering the structure of dna and the work of human genome project l;ed to?

a better understanding of some genetic conditions such as down’s syndrome

what did it help predict?

whether individuals are at higher risk of developing some cancers

what was one of the discoveries?

that stem cells can be grown into different cells

however, what is there not yet of\/`

a cure or effective treatment for most genetic conditions/ way of preventing most genetic diseases

understanding of lifestyle factors- since 1900, what have people discovered|||||?

that some lifestyle factors can negatively affect health and increase the chance of contracting disease

what does research now link smoking with?

many diseases such as emphysema high blood pressure heart disease and many cancers

what does research link alcohol with?

many cancers such as liver and kidney disease

what has scientific research confirmed with diet

that eating a balance of different foods and limiting sugar and fat reduces the chances of getting certain type of cancer and heart disease

how did the 20th century see huge changes in the ways that docs diagnosed illness

although docs today still use their own knowledge and medical books they combine this with medical testing using science and tech to discover what’s wrong

what is the purpose of labratories

to test skin or blood

what is the purpose of X-ray scans and endoscopes?

to ‘see’ inside the body with more clarity than ever before

what are monitors used fot?

to see what’s going on over a period of time

what has improved scientific understanding and tech made accurate?

made diagnosing disease more accurate

what does analysing blood mean?

that a huge number of diseases are now diagnosed and monitored without the need for surgical investigation

what are some examples of tech used in 20th and 21st century medicine?

x-rays MRI’s CT and ultrasound scans, incubators microscopes, hypodermic needles

CHANGE IN CARE AND TREATMENT- what did Koch discover?

that different chemical dyes stained specific microbes

what did Behring discover?

that the body manufactures antitoxins that only attack the microbe causing a disease

what did Ehrlich and his team search for ? what was it?

a ‘magic bullet’- a chemical compound that would attack and kill the microbe causing a specific disease without harming the body

what did the team helped by german government funding do?

worked for many years and tested a compounds of Salvarsan to find one to cure syphilis

what did Dr Hata discover in 1909?

they had discovered the first magic bullet Salvarsan 606wh

what did Domagk discover in 1932?

developed the second magic bullet Prontosil which cured types blood poisoning, pneumonia and scarlet fever and meningitis

what do antibiotics do? what was the first to be discovered?

they destroy bacteria or prevent its growth. The first to be discovered was penicillin

what did scientists that were inspired by the discovery of penicillin do?

experimented with other moulds and found more antibiotics that were very effective against diff diseases

once the chemical structure of different antibiotics were discovered what were scientists able to do|?

make antibiotics which solved the problem of having to grow them first in order to amend them to treat further disease

what have antibiotics done?

saved and extended millions of lives wh

at happened due to overuse ?

super-bacteria are resistant to antibiotics have evolved

what are some examples of high-tech medical and surgical treatments

radiotherapy and chemotherapy, kidney dialysis and fitting pacemakers and organ transplants

ADVANCES KEYHOLE AND SURGERY- what has the development of tiny cameras and surgical instruments

surgeons can use small incisions instead of large cuts to access the body, which reduces patients’ recovery time

what do the small instruments make possible?

to reattach nerves and blood vessels

ADVANCES; robotic surgery/ how can some surgeries be carried out?

remotely, with surgeons controlling robots through computers

what has this also made?

surgeries more precise

THE NHS- since 1948?

taxes have funded a wide range of healthcare provided by the National Health Service w

hat are some examples?>

seeing a GP hospital care and operations health visitors for pregnant women and young children

what other things are provided?

ambulances and emergency treatment and healthcare for the elderly

IMPROVED ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE- what did the NHS allow?

healthcare to be free for all, so everyone could access the same healthcare

what were healthcare provisions like?

unequal across different parts of the country

both in terms of?

the number of docs and hospitals and their standards and this took time to improve

what types of healthcare are still difficult to access?

few people recieve NHS dental treatment due to a lack of NHS dentists

in general»?

far more people access healthcare today than in 1900

compulsory vaccinations- what could people not do to the diseases that have developed

in the 19th and early 20th centuries people had to pay to receive them and many could not afford to do so

how many people died?of what?when?

in 1938 3,000 people died in a diphtheria epidemic,

what did it lead to?

a gov funded immunisation programme

what is a downside of vaccination?

it’s still controversial and some people choose not to have their children vaccinated

PREVENTION MEASURES- what hasd the gov funded since 1948?

more testing and vaccinations

better? what are their laws of?

disposal of rubbish and sewage/ laws reducing air pollution

what are their laws banning?

the advertising of cigarettes and smoking in public places

since 1948, what has the gov funded?

publicity to raise awareness of illnesses and dangers to health such as smoking and binge-drinking wha

what is one exsample of a successful campaign in the 1980s?

‘AIDS: dont die of ignorance’ campgain reduced cases of HIV infection

what was another campaign?

the Change4Life campaign have encouraged healthy behaviour to prevent disease wh

en was polio and whooping cough?

1950

the discovery of penicillin- what did alexander fleming notice, when

in 1928 he noticed that bacteria in a petri dish was being killed by a penicillium mould what

what did he test this on?

other bacteria and discovered that the mould produced an excellent antibiotic

what did fleming publish, when?

his findings but did not believe that penicillin would work on living people in 1929w

hat did he not ask for?

funding to continue his research

severyal years later who continued fleming’s research? on what

florey and chain continued his research on penicillin

what did it prove effective on?

mice, so they tested it on humans

what did penicillin do? what was it called

penicillin killed bacteria and therefore killed the infection- it was a miracle drug

when did fleming continue his research

1939

why wasn’t penicillin still used for medical treatment/ what took time

because huge amounts were needed to treat one person / growing the mould took time and lots of space and therefore expensive

who did florey and chain ask why was this unsuccessful

they asked UK drug companies and factories to help but these were being used for the war effort

who did they thenlater on go to ask?when?

in 1941 florey asked us drug companies some agreed to help but on a very small scale

what was demonstrated

the effectiveness of penicillin

what happened after the usa joined world war two/ what did they fund

the gov saw the need for more penicillin to treat casualties and funded 21 companies to mass produce it

what did us drug companies then begin to do?when?

began mass producing penicillin in 1942

when did british companies mass produce?

they did so in 1943

what is the second most common cancer in the uk? what is it poor in?

lung cancer and has a poor survival rate compared with other cancers because it’s difficult to diagnose and treat

diagnosis- what are some symptoms of lung cancer

a persistent cough, coughing up blood, breathlessness, tiredness unexplained weight loss

what are most patients given if lung cancer is suspected? what happens after

a CT scan and if this shows a mass, a sample of the cells are collected and tested

what is surgery used for as a treatment

to carry out the tumour or carry out a lung transplant

what is radiotherapy used for?

to try to shrink the tumour or prevent its growth

what is chemotherapy used for as a treatment?

to try to shrink the tumour or prevent the cancer returning

what was banned in 1965 and 1991?

TV advertising for cigarettes/ cigars and tobacco

what is regularly increased, why?

tax on tobacco products to make smoking more expensive and to encourage people to stop

what was banned in England in 2007?

smoking in public places where people worked

when was this ban extended? to what

2015 to cars carrying under 18s

what was the legal age of buying tobacco raised from? when

from 16 to 18 / 2007

what have funded campaigns helped do?

educate people about the risks of smoking, to encourage them to stop or not to start

what are shops not allowed to do today?

publicly display tobacco products

whe did cigarette packing become standardised? what are they sold in?

in May 2016/ in green packets and with graphic warnings of the dangers, whatever the brand