Studied by 20 people
Memory
the persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information
Recall
a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test
Recognition
a measure of memory in which the person identifies items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test
Relearning
a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again
Encode
getting information into the brain
Store
retaining information
Retrieve
to later get the information out of our brain
Parallel Processing
processing multiple aspects of a stimulus or problem simultaneously
Sensory Memory
the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system
Short-Term Memory
briefly activated memory of a few items that is later stored or forgotten
Long-Term Memory
the relatively permanent and limitless archive of the memory system, including knowledge, skills, and experiences
Working Memory
a newer understanding of short-term memory; conscious, active processing of both incoming sensory information, and information retrieved from long-term memory
Central Executive
a memory component that coordinates the activities of the phonological loop and visuospatial sketchpad
Phonological Loop
a memory component that briefly holds auditory information
Visuospatial Sketchpad
a memory component that briefly holds information about objects’ appearance and location in space
Neurogenesis
formation of new neurons
Long-Term Potentiation
an increase in a nerve cell’s firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation, a neural basis for learning and memory
Explicit Memories
retention of facts and experiences that we can consciously know and declare, also called declarative memory
Effortful Processing
encoding that requires attention and conscious effort
Automatic Processing
unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of familiar or well-learned information
Implicit Memories
retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations independent of conscious recollection, also called nondeclarative memory
Iconic Memory
a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli, a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second
Echoic Memory
a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli, if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within a couple of seconds
Chunking
organizing items into familiar manageable units, often occurs automatically
Mnemonics
memory aids, sometimes use vivid imagery and organizational devices
Hierarchies
composed of a few broad categories divided and subdivided into narrower concepts and facts
Spacing Effect
the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice
Testing Effect
enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading, information, referred to as a retrieval practice effect or test-enhanced learning
Shallow Processing
encoding on a basic level, based on the structure or appearance of words
Deep Processing
encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words; tends to yield the best retention
Semantic
explicit memory of facts and general knowledge
Episodic
explicit memory of personally experienced events
Hippocampus
helps process explicit memories for storage, located in the limbic system
Memory Consolidation
the neural storage of a long-term memory
Flashbulb Memories
a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event
Retrieval Cues
a clue or prompt that is used to trigger the retrieval of long-term memory
Priming
the activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one’s perception, memory, or response
Encoding Specificity Principle
the idea that cues and contexts specific to a particular memory will be most effective in helping us recall it
Mood Congruent
the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current good or bad mood
Serial Position Effect
our tendency to recall best to last items in a list initially and the first items in a list after a delay
Interleaving
a retrieval practice strategy that involves mixing the study of different topics
Anterograde Amnesia
an inability to form new memories
Retrograde Amnesia
an inability to remember information from one’s past
Proactive Interference
forward-acting disruptive effect of older learning on the recall of new information
Retroactive Interference
the backward-acting disruptive effect of newer learning on the recall of old information
Repress
the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories
Reconsolidation
a process in which previously stored memories, when retrieved, are potentially altered before being stored again
Misinformation Effect
occurs when a memory has been corrupted by deceptive information
Source Amnesia
faulty memory for how, when, or where information was learned or imagined, at the heart of many false memories
DĂ©jĂ Vu
uses from the current situation may unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience
Alzheimer’s
slowly strips away memory, personality, and self-identity
Maintenance Rehersal
prolong memory storage through rehearsal over time
Elaborative Rehersal
rehearsing info in ways that promote meaning
Phonological Loop
holds auditory info in short memory
Method of Loci
adding new details of memory of a familiar place
Note 
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