AP Bio Vocab Chapters 3 and 4

chemical reaction

when atoms combine or change bonding partners

reactants

substances that participate in a chemical reaction

products

substances formed by the chemical reaction

organic molecule

molecules with a chemical skeleton composed primarily of carbon

hydrocarbon

molecule containing only hydrogen and carbon atoms

structural isomers

molecules with the same chemical formula but differ how the atoms are arranged

functional groups

a characteristic combination of atoms that contribute specific properties when attached to other molecules

macromolecules

giant molecules

polymers

large molecules made up of repeating subunits

monomers

building blocks

monomer of carbs

simple sugars

monomer of proteins

amino acids

dehydration synthesis

process in which water is removed to join two monomers

hydrolysis

process in which polymers are broken and water is added

glycosidic linkage

covalent bond that joins two sugars

starch

energy storage molecule in plants composed of alpha glucose molecules (H above plane on carbon 1)

cellulose

structural support in plants composed of beta glucose (H below plane on carbon 1)

polypeptide

long chain of amino acids

primary structure

sequence of amino acids

secondary structure

maintained by hydrogen bonds between polar sections

tertiary structure

caused by interactions between R groups

quaternary structure

results from ways subunits bind together and interact

denature

process in which tertiary structure is lost and therefore the function of the protein

monomer of nucleic acid

nucleotides

monomer for lipids

fatty acids

hydrophobic

unable to dissolve in water

triglyceride

one glycerol + three fatty acids

saturated fats

all carbons in fatty acid chain are bonded by single bonds except for carboxyl group at the top

unsaturated fats

some of the carbons in fatty acids have double covalent bonds

phospholipid

one glycerol + two fatty acids with a phosphate group on each

steroid

composed of four ring structure

molecules:

vary in shape and size, have specific 3D shapes, are characterized by specific chemical properties

4 important classes of organic molecules found in L.O

carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, lipids

general chemical formula for all amino acids:

a central carbon with four different groups attached where R is a variable group that determines the reactivity of the molecule

3 parts of nucleotides:

Five carbon sugar, phosphate group, nitrogen base

Purines

double ringed, adenine, guanine

Pyrimidines

single ringed, thymine, cytosine

RNA

ribose, single stranded, A,U,C,G

DNA

deoxyribose, double stranded, A, T, C, G

Lipids are:

composed of C, H, O, unable to dissolve in water, include fats, oils and waxes

3 families of lipids:

fats, phospholipids, steroids

light microscope

microscope that uses glass lenses and visible light to form a magnified image of an object

electron microscope

uses magnets to focus an electron beam to create a visible image on film

cytoplasm

material inside plasma membrane may contain H2O, NaCl, or organelles

What are the differences between prokaryotes from eukaryotes?

before nucleus, kingdoms eubacteria and archaebacteria, small, simple, lack membrane bound organelles

What are the differences between eukaryotes from prokaryotes?

true nucleus, kingdoms protista + animalia + plantae + fungi, larger, complex, animal + plant cells

nucleus

center of genetic activity in eukaryotic cells that is called the “control center” because it houses DNA

nucleolus

region in which RNA is synthesized in eukaryotic cells

nuclear envelope

a double membrane that encloses the nucleus, there by separating the contents from the cytoplasm in eukaryotic cells

nuclear pore

a small opening in which the RNA can pass through to be interpreted by the ribosomes in eukaryotic cells

plasma membrane

membrane made up of phospholipids and proteins that surrounds a cell protecting it and controls what crossed the membrane

cilia

hair-like extensions in eukaryotic cells used to trap unwanted waste materials in multicellular organisms or specializing in locomotion in unicellular organisms

flagellum

a tail-like structure that helps the cell move

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

molecules that transfers, transmits, and expresses genetic information

mitochondrion

organelle in eukaryotic cells that produces adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is the energy currency of the cell, and is also known as the “powerhouse of the cell”

ribosome

organelle in cells that is the site of protein synthesis

lysosome

organelle in eukaryotes that store digestive enzymes

vesicle

a sac composed of membrane inside cells that transport materials

golgi apparatus

organelle in eukaryotes that sorts and packages protein for export or use in the cells

smooth er

organelle in eukaryotes composed of connected channels of membranes in the cytoplasm which do not have ribosomes and synthesize lipids

rough er

organelle in eukaryotes composed of connected channels of membranes covered in ribosomes and involved in protein synthesis

centriole

membrane converted organelles in the cytoplasm of eukaryotes composed of microtubules and involved in mitosis

cell wall

surrounds cell membrane composed of cellulose

chloroplast

organelle surrounded by 2 membranes green from chlorophyll

central vacuole

large membrane bound sac

3 plant specific structures

cell wall, chloroplast, central vacuole

symbiosis

two or more living organisms of different species living in close association

endosymbiosis

process by which eukaryotic cells evolved from prokaryotes

cytoskeleton

a network of protein fibers in the cytoplasm that gives a cell shape, holds and moves organelles, and is involved in cell