Exam 1: Pathology of the Oral Cavity

How is cleft palate defined

• palatoschisis

• failure of maxillary bones to fuse

• variably sized defect in hard palate

• may interfere with nursing, feeding, chronic nasal infections, aspiration pneumonia

• may also have cheiloschisis (hare lip)

what is odontodystrophy

• developmental enamel hypoplasia

• secondary to canine distemper virus in dogs

• fluorine toxicity, malnutrition, vitamin A deficiency, tetracycline

what oral lesions can present themselves with viral stomatitis

• vesicular stomatitides

• erosive and ulcerative stomatitides

• papular stomatitides

what vesicular diseases affect ruminants

• foot and mouth disease

• vesicular stomatitis

what vesicular diseases affect affect horses

vesicular stomatitis

what vesicular diseases affect pigs

• seneca valley virus

• swine vestibular disease

• vesicular exanthema of swine

  • foot and mouth disease

  • vesicular stomatitis

what vesicular diseases are zoonotic

• Vesicular Stomatitis

what are vesicular stomatitides

• small circumscribed elevation of the epidermis/mucous membrane containing serous liquid

• oral cavity, feet, teats

• cannot be differentiated grossly, call state or federal vet immediately

• all but vesicular exanthema of swine and seneca valley virus are reportable

how is foot and mouth disease generally described

• genus aphthovirus, family Piconavviridae

• highly contageous viral infection of all cloven hoof animals, horses not affected

• low mortality but large economic impact due to production loss, vaccination, mass culling, serious trade restriction

what are the lesions of foot and mouth disease

• vesicles on oral cavity, tongue, interdigital cleft, teats

• malignant form usually in young animals <6m, myocarditis without vesicles (uncommonO

how is vesicular dermatitis generally described

• genus vesiculovirus, family Rhabdoviridae

• affects horses, cattle, pugs

• zoonosis

• biting insects such as black flies and midges

• generally self limiting- skin/oral cavity lesions, drooling, fever

• only in american continents

• present in US

what are the major Porcine specific vesicular stomatitides

• swine vesicular disease virus

• Seneca Valley virus (present in US)

• Vesicular exanthema of swine virus (historical only, likely from SMSL virus)

what is the difference between erosion and ulceration

• loss of superficial layers of epidermis or mucosal membrane

• loss of all layers of the epidermis or mucosal membrane, penetrates the basement membranes

what are the major erosive and ulcerative viral stomatitides

• bovine viral diarrhea

• riderpest

• Pest des petits ruminants

• malignant catarrhal fever

• bluetongue

• infectious bovine rhinotracheitis

• feline calcivirus

how is bovine viral diarrhea generally described

• genus pestivirus, family Flaviviridae

• BVDV-1 and 2, each with cytopathic and non-cytopathic strain

• subclinical or mild disease (no or mild signs, but immunosuppression)

• mucosal disease

• severe acute BVD

• fetal infection

describe the process of BVD mucosal disease infection in a pregnant cow

• infection during first 4 months with non-cytopathic strain (fetus becomes immunocompetent around 150-200 days)

• may cause fetal death

• if fetus survives, PI calf super infected with cytopathic strain causing mucosal disease

what are the lesions of BVD mucosal disease

• low morbidity but high mortality

• anorexia, bloody diarrhea, fever, mucoid nasal damage

• erosion/ulceration in the GI tract: mouth, esophagus, forestomachs, over Peyer’s patches, small and large intestines

• lymphocytolysis in Peyer’s patches

• most PI calves succumb to mucosal disease 6m-2y

how is severe acute BVD (BVD type 2) described

• high morbidity and mortality in all age groups

• associated with virulent strain of virus but not al cause severe disease

• lesions similar to BVD MD (GIT ulceration and lymphocytolysis) + hemorrhage

how are persistently infected BVDV calves described

• infected during first 4 months of gestation with NCP strain

• immunotolerant to homologous NCP BVDV

• viremic for life and sheds virus in all vody secretion

• most important source of infection in the population

• clinically normal or weak

• mostly succumb to disease 6m-2y

how is malignant catarrhal fever described

• caused by several different ruminant gammaherpesviruses (10 viruses, 6 cause disease)

• caused by cross-species infection

• cattle, deer, most other even toed ungulates
  -Ovine Herpesvirus 2 in north america
  -Alcelaphine herpesvirus-1 in African wildebeest in Africa

• high mortality in susceptible species

• dead end host, not contagious among cattle

what are the clinical signs of malignant catarrhal fever

• sudden death

• fever

• lymphadomegaly

• hemorrhagic diarrhea

• corneal opacity

• mucopurulent exudate from upper respiratory and oral cavity

• neurologic signs

what are the gross and microscopic lesions of malignant catarrhal fever

• gross

  • ulceration of mucosal surfaces (digestive, respiratory, urinary tract that are similar to BVD and rinderpest)

  • Edema, mucopurulent nasal discharge

• lymphadenomegaly

• Microscopic
  -lymphoproliferation (CD8 T cells)
  -vasculitis
  -erosive-ulcerative mucosal lesions

  • 
    

how is Rinderpest or cattle plaque generally described

• genus morbillivirus in the family paramyxoviridae

• eradicated from planet in 2011

• mainly affect cattle, buffalo, but can infect all cloven hoofed animals

• high morbidity and mortality

• lesions include erosive and hemorrhagic lesions of MM in the GI tract, necrosis of lymphoid tissue (Peyer’s patch)
  -similar to BVD-MD
  -sycytia and viral inclusion bodies

what is Peste des petits ruminants

• genus morbillivrius in family paramyxoviridae

• goats and sheep

• FAD

• clinical signs and lesions similar to rinderpest

• interstitial pneumonia similar to canine distemper

• syncytia and viral inclusion bodies

what is bluetongue

• Orbivirus, Reoviridae

• sheep are highly susceptible

• goats and cattle usually inapparent or mild clinical signs

• vecor borne disease- Culicoides (midges)

• endothelial damage → ischemic necrosis of many tissue, edema, hemorrhage

• oral cavity, tongue, GI tract, skin, heart, base of the pulmonary artery

what is Epixootic hemorrhagic disease (EHD)

• genus Orbivirus, family Reoviridae

• Pathogenesis and lesions similar to Bluetongue

• White tailed deer extremely susceptible

How is feline calcivirus described

• genus vesivirus, family Calciviridaw

• RNA virus with high rates of mutation and variable virulence

• persistent infections have minimal clinical signs and virus sheds in saliva, nasal secretions, feces

what are the clinical signs of feline calcivirus

• ulcers on tongue/oral cavity, upper resp disease

• similar to feline herpesvirus infection

what are papular stomatitides

• small, circumscribed, superficial, solid elevation of skin or mucus membranes

• Bovine papular stomatitis, Orf

How is Bovine Papule Stomatitis generally described

• genus parapoxvirus, family poxviridae

• young cattle 1-2m

• generally little clinical significance

• epidermal proliferation

• papules, nodues, macules on tongue, gingiva, palate, esophagus, rumen, omasum

• zoonotic

how is contagious Ecthyma aka Orf, soremouth, contagious pustular dermatitis

• genus parapoxvirus, family poxviridae

• sheep and lambs, goats, rarely humans

• epidermal proliferation and crusts on the lips, mouth, teats

• more exudative and proliferative compared to bovine papular stomatitis

• weight loss/poor growth due to pain, self limiting but can cause death in suckling animals

• zoonotic

what are bacterial stomatitides associated with

• trauma (feeding, iatrogenic, foreign body

• opportunistic normal bacterial inhabitant
  -Actinobacillus, Actinomyces, Fusobacterium spp

what is necrotizing stomatitis

• oral necrobacillosis aka akf diphtheria

• caysed by Fusobacterium necrophorum

• oral cavity, larynx, pharynx, tongue

• foul breath, anorexia, fever

• secondary infection following damage to mucosa

• coagulative necrosis with necrotic membrane

what is wooden tongue

• Actinobacilus lignieresii, gram - aerobic caccobacilli

• mainly cattle, sheep and pigs

• affects soft tissue vs lumpy jaw

how is chronic infection of wooden tongue described

• pyogranulomatous glossitis/stomatitis with severe fibrosis

• coccobaculli surrounded by Splendore-Hoeppi material (club colonies or sulfur granules)

how is candidiasis or thrush described

• Candida albicans

• fungal

• normal inhabitant of GIt tract

• opportunistic following immunosuppression, alterations in oral microbiota, young sick or dehibiliated animals

• most common in foals, pigs, dogs

• 

what is pemphigus vulgaris

• dermatologic autoimmune disease frequently affecting muco-cutaneous junctions an oral cavity

• severe, acute or chronic vesicular/bullous disease of humans dogs and cats

• auto Ab against desmoglein 3

• flaccid bullae and erosions of muco-cutaneous junctions, oral mucosa, skin

what are the clinical signs and histology of pemphigus vulgaris

• salivation, halitosis, mucosal erosion/ulceration

• suprabasilar cleft- basal cells remain attached to basement membrane

what is bullous pemphigoid

• grossly impossible to tell from pemphigus vulgaris

• auto AB against collagen 17 or BPAG1e (component of hemidesmosome)

• subepidermal blister formation with no acantholysis

• reported in humans, dogs, horses, sometimes cats

what is Feline plasma cell or lymphoplasmacytic gingivitis/stomatitis

• raised, erythematous, proliferative lesion
  -glossopalatine arch
  -periodontal gingiva

• idiopathic- hypothosis is inappropriate immune reactions

what are eosinophilic ulcers aka rodent ulcer or oral eosinophilic granuloma

• cats and sporadically dogs

• in cats, belongs to eosinophilic granuloma complex

• chronic superficial ulcerative disease of mucosa and mucocutaneous junction

• frequently upper lip of cats

• affected area is thickened, red, ulcerated

• eosinophils and histiocytes

• idiopathic

what is uremic glossitis

• relatively common lesion associated with renal failure in dogs and less commonly in cats

• cyanotic buccal mucosa, fetid ulceration of tongue, margins pf ulcer are swollen

• ischemic vascular lesion ith pathogenesis poorly understood

• oor correlation between blood ammonia levels and lesion development