Micro Exam 2

Microbiology Exam 2 Mehari Auburn

What are the 6 main elements in cell macromolecules?

COHNPS

What elements are common micronutrients?

CoCuMnZnMoNi

what type of organisms fixes CO2 and assembles it into organic molecules (mainly sugars)?

Autotrophs

What are organisms that can work with nitrogen gas called?

Nitrogen Fixers

The plasma membrane is a

Semi-Permeable Membrane

What are the two forms of active transport?

Coupled and ABC

Facilitated Diffusion does not require energy (True or False)

True

What kind of active transport involves moving a driving ion down its gradient and using that energy to move a solute up its gradient?

Coupled Transport Systems

What is it called when two actively transported molecules travel in the same direction in a couple transport system?

Symport

What is it called when actively transported molecules move in the direction opposite to the driving ion?

Antiport

what does ABC stand for in ABC transporters?

ATP Binding Cassette

ABC transporters are only found in prokaryotes. (True or False)

False

What are the two types of ABC transporters?

Uptake and Eflux

What do Uptake ABC transporters do?

Transport Nutrients

What do Efflux ABC transporters do?

Pump Antibiotics Out of the Cell

Uptake ABC transporters do so through passive transport. (True or False)

False

What is a batch culture?

A Liquid Medium Within a Closed System

What are the 4 phases of bacterial growth curves?

Lag, Log, Stationary, Death

What are the 5 types of media?

Complex, Synthetic, Enriched, Selective, Differential

What are complex media?

Nutrient Rich but Poorly Defined

What are synthetic media?

Precisely Defined

What are enriched media?

Complex Media to Which Specific Blood Components Are Added

What are selective media?

Favor the Growth of One Organism Over Another

What are differential media?

Exploit Differences Between Two Species that Grow Equally Well

What is direct microscopic count?

A Method in Which Microbes Are Directly Counted from a Counting Chamber

How do Fluorescence-activated cell sorters work?

Fluorescent Cells are Passed Through a Small Opening and then Past a Laser

Where does glycolysis take place?

Cytoplasm

What is the maximum amount of ATP one glucose molecule can produce?

38 ATP

What is catabolism?

The Breakdown of Complex Molecules into Simpler Ones

What is anabolism?

A Reaction that Builds Cells

What are energy carriers?

Molecules that Gain or Release Small Amounts of Energy in Reversible Reactions

NADH, FADH2, and ATP are examples of what kind of molecules?

Energy Carriers

What is the fastest way to measure cell density?

Spectrophotometer

ATP transporters require

Energy

ATP transporters are used for

Import and Export

ATP transporters are

The Largest Family of Transporters

What carries more energy, NADH or ATP?

NADH

Which is the reduced form, NADH or NAD+?

NADH

What is the oxidized form, NADH or NAD+?

NAD+

How many phosphates does ATP have?

3

How is ATP made?

From Phosphorylating ADP

What process breaks the phosphate off of ATP to harvest its energy?

Hydrolysis

Substrate level phosphorylation produces

2 Net Molecules of ATP

Glycolysis produces

NADH and 2 Net Molecules of ATP

Glycolysis is an anaerobic process (True or False)

True

What molecules are lipids broken down into?

Glycerol and Fatty Acids

What part of the metabolic pathway does glycerol go into?

Glycolysis

What part of the metabolic pathway do fatty acids go into?

TCA Cycle

What are peptides broken down into?

Amino Acids

What part of the metabolic pathway do amino acids go into?

TCA Cycle

What are the three pathways to catabolize glucose?

Glycolysis, ED, PPP

What are the end (net) products of glycolysis?

2 ATP, 2 NAD, 2 Pyruvate

What are the products of ED?

ATP, NADH, NADPH, 2 Pyruvate

What are the products of PPP?

ATP, 2 NADH, 3 to 7 Carbon Phosphate Sugars

NAPH makes ATP (True or False)

False

What enzyme changes glucose to glucose 6-phosphate?

Hexokinase

What is consumed in the hexokinase step?

1 ATP

What turns fructose 6-phosphate into fructose 1,6-bisphosphate?

Phosphofructokinase

What is consumed in the phosphofructokinase step?

1 ATP

What enzyme changes fructose 1,6-biphosphate into two G3P molecules?

Aldolase

What enzyme changes G3P into 1,3-Biphosphoglycerate?

Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase

What is made in the G3P dehydrogenase step?

1 NADH

What enzyme changes 1,3-Biphosphoglycerate into 3-phosphoglycerate?

Phosphoglycerate Kinase

What is made in the phosphoglycerate kinase step?

1 ATP

What enzyme changes PEP into Pyruvate?

Pyruvate Kinase

What is made in the pyruvate kinase step?

1 ATP

What is substrate-level phosphorylation?

Transfer of Phosphate to ATP Using a Kinase Enzyme

What is the key intermediate in EMP/Glycolysis?

G3P

What are the net products of EMP/Glycolysis?

2 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 Pyruvate

What is the key intermediate in ED?

6-P-Gluconate

What is the key intermediate of PPP?

Ribulose 5-P

What is a common occurrence in the glucose-to-pyruvate catabolic pathway?

Phosphorylated Sugars are Present

What is the main purpose of fermentation?

To Recylce NADH to NAD+

What are the four fermentation pathways?

Homolactic, Ethanolic, Heterolactic, Mixed Acid

What does homolactic fermentation produce?

2 Molecules of Lactic Acid

What does ethanolic fermentation produce?

2 Molecules of Ethanol and 2 CO2

What does heterolactic fermentation produce?

1 Molecule of Lactic Acid, 1 Ethanol, 1 CO2

What does mixed-acid fermentation produce?

Acetate, Formate, Lactate, Succinate, Ethanol, H2, CO2

What color does methyl red turn in the presence of strong acidity?

Red

What type of fermentation causes methyl red to turn red?

Mixed Acid Fermentation

What color does phenol red turn to in the presence of an acid?

Yellow

Fermentation can be defined as...

Partial Breakdown of Organic Food without the Use of an Electron Transport System

Where does the TCA cycle take place in eukaryotes?

The Mitochondria

What is pyruvate converted to before it can enter the TCA cycle?

Acetyl-CoA

What is the name of the enzyme complex that catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA?

Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex

What are the important byproducts of the pyruvate to acetyl-CoA conversion?

CO2 and NADH

What enzyme turns isocitrate into 2-oxoglutarate?

Isocitrate Dehydrogenase

What is made in the step with isocitrate dehydrogenase?

NADH, CO2

What enzyme turns 2-oxoglutarate into succinyl-CoA?

2-Oxoglutarate Dehydrogenase Complex

What is made in the step with 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex?

NADH, CO2

What enzyme turns succinyl-CoA into succinate?

Succinyl-CoA Synthetase

What is made in the succinyl-CoA synthetase step?

ATP

What enzyme turns succinate into fumarate?

Succinate Dehydrogenase

What is made in the succinate dehydrogenase step?

FADH2

What enzyme turns Malate into oxaloacetate?

Malate Dehydrogenase

What is made in the malate dehydrogenase step?

NADH

In total, what are the end products that 1 pyruvate can make?

3 CO2, 4 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 ATP

How many ATP can be made from NADH?

3

How many ATP can be made from FADH2?

2

What can cells catabolize if glucose is not present?

Acetate or Fatty Acids