Studied by 98 people
What are the 6 main elements in cell macromolecules?
COHNPS
What elements are common micronutrients?
CoCuMnZnMoNi
what type of organisms fixes CO2 and assembles it into organic molecules (mainly sugars)?
Autotrophs
What are organisms that can work with nitrogen gas called?
Nitrogen Fixers
The plasma membrane is a
Semi-Permeable Membrane
What are the two forms of active transport?
Coupled and ABC
Facilitated Diffusion does not require energy (True or False)
True
What kind of active transport involves moving a driving ion down its gradient and using that energy to move a solute up its gradient?
Coupled Transport Systems
What is it called when two actively transported molecules travel in the same direction in a couple transport system?
Symport
What is it called when actively transported molecules move in the direction opposite to the driving ion?
Antiport
what does ABC stand for in ABC transporters?
ATP Binding Cassette
ABC transporters are only found in prokaryotes. (True or False)
False
What are the two types of ABC transporters?
Uptake and Eflux
What do Uptake ABC transporters do?
Transport Nutrients
What do Efflux ABC transporters do?
Pump Antibiotics Out of the Cell
Uptake ABC transporters do so through passive transport. (True or False)
False
What is a batch culture?
A Liquid Medium Within a Closed System
What are the 4 phases of bacterial growth curves?
Lag, Log, Stationary, Death
What are the 5 types of media?
Complex, Synthetic, Enriched, Selective, Differential
What are complex media?
Nutrient Rich but Poorly Defined
What are synthetic media?
Precisely Defined
What are enriched media?
Complex Media to Which Specific Blood Components Are Added
What are selective media?
Favor the Growth of One Organism Over Another
What are differential media?
Exploit Differences Between Two Species that Grow Equally Well
What is direct microscopic count?
A Method in Which Microbes Are Directly Counted from a Counting Chamber
How do Fluorescence-activated cell sorters work?
Fluorescent Cells are Passed Through a Small Opening and then Past a Laser
Where does glycolysis take place?
Cytoplasm
What is the maximum amount of ATP one glucose molecule can produce?
38 ATP
What is catabolism?
The Breakdown of Complex Molecules into Simpler Ones
What is anabolism?
A Reaction that Builds Cells
What are energy carriers?
Molecules that Gain or Release Small Amounts of Energy in Reversible Reactions
NADH, FADH2, and ATP are examples of what kind of molecules?
Energy Carriers
What is the fastest way to measure cell density?
Spectrophotometer
ATP transporters require
Energy
ATP transporters are used for
Import and Export
ATP transporters are
The Largest Family of Transporters
What carries more energy, NADH or ATP?
NADH
Which is the reduced form, NADH or NAD+?
NADH
What is the oxidized form, NADH or NAD+?
NAD+
How many phosphates does ATP have?
3
How is ATP made?
From Phosphorylating ADP
What process breaks the phosphate off of ATP to harvest its energy?
Hydrolysis
Substrate level phosphorylation produces
2 Net Molecules of ATP
Glycolysis produces
NADH and 2 Net Molecules of ATP
Glycolysis is an anaerobic process (True or False)
True
What molecules are lipids broken down into?
Glycerol and Fatty Acids
What part of the metabolic pathway does glycerol go into?
Glycolysis
What part of the metabolic pathway do fatty acids go into?
TCA Cycle
What are peptides broken down into?
Amino Acids
What part of the metabolic pathway do amino acids go into?
TCA Cycle
What are the three pathways to catabolize glucose?
Glycolysis, ED, PPP
What are the end (net) products of glycolysis?
2 ATP, 2 NAD, 2 Pyruvate
What are the products of ED?
ATP, NADH, NADPH, 2 Pyruvate
What are the products of PPP?
ATP, 2 NADH, 3 to 7 Carbon Phosphate Sugars
NAPH makes ATP (True or False)
False
What enzyme changes glucose to glucose 6-phosphate?
Hexokinase
What is consumed in the hexokinase step?
1 ATP
What turns fructose 6-phosphate into fructose 1,6-bisphosphate?
Phosphofructokinase
What is consumed in the phosphofructokinase step?
1 ATP
What enzyme changes fructose 1,6-biphosphate into two G3P molecules?
Aldolase
What enzyme changes G3P into 1,3-Biphosphoglycerate?
Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase
What is made in the G3P dehydrogenase step?
1 NADH
What enzyme changes 1,3-Biphosphoglycerate into 3-phosphoglycerate?
Phosphoglycerate Kinase
What is made in the phosphoglycerate kinase step?
1 ATP
What enzyme changes PEP into Pyruvate?
Pyruvate Kinase
What is made in the pyruvate kinase step?
1 ATP
What is substrate-level phosphorylation?
Transfer of Phosphate to ATP Using a Kinase Enzyme
What is the key intermediate in EMP/Glycolysis?
G3P
What are the net products of EMP/Glycolysis?
2 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 Pyruvate
What is the key intermediate in ED?
6-P-Gluconate
What is the key intermediate of PPP?
Ribulose 5-P
What is a common occurrence in the glucose-to-pyruvate catabolic pathway?
Phosphorylated Sugars are Present
What is the main purpose of fermentation?
To Recylce NADH to NAD+
What are the four fermentation pathways?
Homolactic, Ethanolic, Heterolactic, Mixed Acid
What does homolactic fermentation produce?
2 Molecules of Lactic Acid
What does ethanolic fermentation produce?
2 Molecules of Ethanol and 2 CO2
What does heterolactic fermentation produce?
1 Molecule of Lactic Acid, 1 Ethanol, 1 CO2
What does mixed-acid fermentation produce?
Acetate, Formate, Lactate, Succinate, Ethanol, H2, CO2
What color does methyl red turn in the presence of strong acidity?
Red
What type of fermentation causes methyl red to turn red?
Mixed Acid Fermentation
What color does phenol red turn to in the presence of an acid?
Yellow
Fermentation can be defined as...
Partial Breakdown of Organic Food without the Use of an Electron Transport System
Where does the TCA cycle take place in eukaryotes?
The Mitochondria
What is pyruvate converted to before it can enter the TCA cycle?
Acetyl-CoA
What is the name of the enzyme complex that catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA?
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex
What are the important byproducts of the pyruvate to acetyl-CoA conversion?
CO2 and NADH
What enzyme turns isocitrate into 2-oxoglutarate?
Isocitrate Dehydrogenase
What is made in the step with isocitrate dehydrogenase?
NADH, CO2
What enzyme turns 2-oxoglutarate into succinyl-CoA?
2-Oxoglutarate Dehydrogenase Complex
What is made in the step with 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex?
NADH, CO2
What enzyme turns succinyl-CoA into succinate?
Succinyl-CoA Synthetase
What is made in the succinyl-CoA synthetase step?
ATP
What enzyme turns succinate into fumarate?
Succinate Dehydrogenase
What is made in the succinate dehydrogenase step?
FADH2
What enzyme turns Malate into oxaloacetate?
Malate Dehydrogenase
What is made in the malate dehydrogenase step?
NADH
In total, what are the end products that 1 pyruvate can make?
3 CO2, 4 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 ATP
How many ATP can be made from NADH?
3
How many ATP can be made from FADH2?
2
What can cells catabolize if glucose is not present?
Acetate or Fatty Acids
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