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The Fall of the Qing Dynasty and the Rise of the Republic (1911-1937)
1911 Revolution: End of the Qing Dynasty; establishment of the Republic of China under Sun Yat-sen.
Warlord Era (1916-1928): Fragmentation of China into regions controlled by military leaders.
Northern Expedition (1926-1928): Jiang Jieshi and the Nationalist Party (Guomindang, GMD) attempt to unify China.
The Nanjing Decade and the Japanese Invasion (1927-1937)
Nanjing Decade (1927-1937): Period of relative stability and modernization under GMD rule.
Manchurian Incident (1931): Japan invades Manchuria, setting up the puppet state of Manchukuo.
Second Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945): Full-scale invasion by Japan; atrocities like the Nanjing Massacre.
The Chinese Civil War (1946-1949)
Civil War Resumes: Conflict between the GMD and the Communist Party of China (CPC) led by Mao Zedong.
Victory for the CCP (1949): Establishment of the People’s Republic of China (PRC); GMD retreats to Taiwan.
Early PRC (1949-1957)
Land Reform and Collectivization: Redistribution of land from landlords to peasants; establishment of collective farms.
First Five-Year Plan (1953-1957): Focus on heavy industry and central planning based on Soviet models.
The Great Leap Forward (1958-1962)
Agricultural Collectivisation: Creation of People’s Communes aiming to rapidly transform China’s agrarian economy.
Economic Disaster: Famine resulting in millions of deaths; decline in agricultural and industrial output.
The Cultural Revolution (1966-1976)
Mao’s Power Struggle: Campaign to reassert his control and purge capitalist and traditional elements.
Red Guards: Youth mobilised to attack perceived enemies of the revolution.
Chaos and Destruction: Widespread persecution, destruction of cultural heritage, and severe disruption of education and economy.
Post-Mao Era and Reform (1976-1989)
Deng Xiaoping’s Reforms: Market-oriented reforms; de-collectivisation of agriculture; Special Economic Zones (SEZs).
Economic Growth: Rapid industrialisation and opening up to foreign investment and trade.
Tiananmen Square (1989): Pro-democracy protests brutally suppressed by the government
China’s Modernization and Globalization (1990-1997)
Economic Boom: Continued reforms leading to significant economic growth and improved living standards.
Hong Kong Handover (1997): Britain returns Hong Kong to China under the "one country, two systems" principle.
Political Stability: Maintenance of one-party rule while pursuing economic liberalization.
Key Themes and Concepts
Continuity and Change: Shifts in political power, economic policies, and social structures.
Impact of Foreign Influence: Role of foreign powers in shaping China’s modern history.
Role of Ideology: Influence of Marxism-Leninism, Maoism, and later pragmatic socialism under Deng Xiaoping.
Economic Development: Transition from a planned economy to a market-oriented economy and its consequences.
Important Figures
Sun Yat-sen: Founding father of the Republic of China.
Jiang Jieshi: Leader of the GMD and the Republic of China.
Mao Zedong: Leader of the CPC and architect of the PRC.
Deng Xiaoping: Leader responsible for economic reforms post-Mao.
This outline covers the major events and trends in China’s transformation from a dynastic empire to a modern socialist state, highlighting significant political changes, economic policies, and social upheavals