Circulatory and Respiratory Systems - Chapter 48

These flashcards cover key concepts from Chapter 48 regarding circulatory and respiratory systems, including differences between open and closed circulatory systems, heart anatomy, and gas exchange processes.

What is the main characteristic of open circulatory systems?

Fluid in the blood vessels and interstitial fluid mix (hemolymph) in one large body compartment, the hemocoel.

What are the advantages of closed circulatory systems?

The advantages include the ability for animals to get larger and adjust blood flow to meet metabolic demands.

What is the structure of the fish heart?

Fishes have a heart with 1 filling chamber (atrium) and 1 exit chamber (ventricle).

What is the function of hemoglobin?

Hemoglobin binds reversibly to oxygen, transporting it throughout the body.

What happens during diastole in the cardiac cycle?

The ventricles are relaxed and fill with blood.

What are the two phases of the cardiac cycle?

The two phases of the cardiac cycle are Diastole (relaxation and filling) and Systole (contraction and ejecting blood).

What is the role of capillaries in the circulatory system?

Capillaries are where gas and nutrient exchange takes place between blood and tissues.

How is oxygen transported in the blood?

Oxygen is transported by erythrocytes (red blood cells) using hemoglobin.

What is the significance of the Bohr effect?

The Bohr effect describes how increased CO2, H+, and temperature reduce hemoglobin's affinity for O2.

What are the main components of blood?

Blood consists of plasma, leukocytes (white blood cells), erythrocytes (red blood cells), and platelets.

What is the primary function of alveoli in the respiratory system?

Alveoli are where gas exchange occurs, allowing O2 to enter the blood and CO2 to exit.

How do the lungs draw air into the body during breathing?

Lungs use negative pressure filling, decreasing air pressure below that of the environment.

What is the primary function of respiratory pigments?

The primary function of respiratory pigments is to bind and transport oxygen in the blood.

How is carbon dioxide primarily transported in the blood?

Carbon dioxide is primarily transported in the blood by being converted into bicarbonate ions (HCO_3^{-}) in the blood.

What regulates the rhythm of breathing?

The rhythm of breathing is regulated by respiratory centers located in the brainstem, which generate action potentials to control the diaphragm.

How do humans adapt to high elevations?

Humans have physiological adaptations that increase oxygen uptake and efficiency at lower oxygen concentrations.