Large Animal Anatomy Previous Years Exam 1

Knowing that the cecum base is in the caudal part of the right abdomen, we know that:

-Picture Left = Horse right

-Picture Right = Horse Left

-Picture top = Cranial

How would you orientate yourself to interpret this picture? Label right, left, and cranial

Apex of cecum

What is the name and portion of the organ labeled A?

4

How many bands does structure A have?

Left ventral Colon

What specific segment of the ascending colon is labelled B?

Pelvic flexure

Ingesta leaving section B would go through what flexure next?

dorsal diaphragmatic flexure (diaphragmatic flexure)

What is flexure C?

6th

Flexure C is usually located just behind the vertex of the diaphragm which is at which rib?

C7, T18, L6, S5

What is the equine vertebral formula?

Subarachnoid Space

What contains the cerebral spinal fluid?

...

Draw the equine distal nerve branches of the median and ulnar nerves:

-palmar branch of ulnar nerve

-medial palmar nerve

-lateral palmar nerve

-communicating branch

Median and palmar branch of the ulnar nerve form the lateral palmar nerve

Which two nerves contribute to the _______ palmar nerve

Accessory bone is lateral

What is the lateral palmar landmark of the carpus

Deep digital flexor tendon

This image represents a transverse cut of the proximal one third of of the right metacarpus. Identify the soft tissue structure A:

medial splint bone (MC2)

This image represents a transverse cut of the proximal one third of of the right metacarpus. What is the laypersons term for B?

Dorsal: Tendon of insertion of sternocephalicus m.

Cranial: Ramus of he mandible

Ventral: linguofacial Vein

What are the cranial, ventral, and dorsal borders of Viborg's Triangle?

7th ICS above line of pleural reflection

What is the correct location of a thoracocentesis?

5th ICS (at about olecranon)

Where is the appropriate location for auscultation of the mitral valve?

8th CC junction to mid 18th rib

What are the landmarks for the line of pleural reflection?

6th CC junction to mid 11th rib and top of 16th rib

What are the landmarks for the basal border of the lungs?

-Caudal border of the triceps (7th rib at scapula and 5th rib at olecranon)

-Thoracic transverse processes

-16th rib

What are the borders of the auscultable lung field?

- Midcarpal and carpometacarpal joints communicate

- radiocarpal joint does not communicate with either

Describe the communications between synovial structures of the carpus?

caudal mesenteric

Which vessel supplies the terminal portion of the descending colon?

cranial mesenteric artery

Which vessel supplies the transverse colon?

Cranial mesenteric artery

Which vessel supplies the pelvic flexure?

cranial mesenteric artery

Which vessel supplies the ileum?

cranial mesenteric artery

Which vessel supplies the dorsal diaphragmatic flexure?

celiac artery

Which vessel supplies the stomach?

cranial mesenteric

Which vessel supplies the cecum?

Celiac artery

Which vessel supplies the liver?

Collateral hoof cartilage

Which structure in this radiograph is ossified

Quittor

What is the layman's term for necrosis of this structure?

cleidocephalicus / brachiocephalicus

Which muscle forms the dorsal muscular artery of the jugular groove?

Esophagus

What structure is labeled A?

longissimus

Which epaxial system is labelled B?

crest

What is indicated by X?

True

True or False: The Equine Mediastinum is fenestrated meaning a unilateral pneumothorax has the potential to quickly become bilateral

There is a high level of overlap between the thoracic and abdominal cavity. A horse in dorsal recumbency was called the kiss of death before surgical ventilation techniques were perfected. The heavy abdominal contents squish the caudal lungs and compromise ventilation.

Based on the topography of the thoracic and abdominal cavities, explain why dorsal (and lateral) recumbency can compromise life of the horse

Cephalic vein

Which venous structure is prone to staking injury?

Descending pectoral muscle

What muscle is located ventral to X?

sole

What region of the hoof is A?

deep digital flexor tendon

Which tendon would be encountered by a penetrating foreign body entering the hoof at B?

PIII (Coffin bone)

Which bone does deep digital flexor tendon insert on?

bulb of heel

Which structure is indicated by arrows?

Dorsal: T processes of lumbar vertebrae

Cranial: 18th rib

Caudal: fold of flank extending from tuber coxae

What are the borders of paralumber fossa?

The extreme angle at which the esophagus enters the cardiac part of the stomach

Describe one anatomical feature which would make it unlikely for a horse to vomit

Transverse colon

pelvic flexure

cecocolic juncton

Name the most common sites of impaction?

1. nephrosplenic/renosplenic entrapment: LVC and LDC together

2. Epiploic foramen: Jejunum or ileum of cribbing/wind-sucking horses

Name one site at which mobile portions of the intestinal tract could become entrapped and the portion of intestine most likely to be stuck there.

1. proximal sesamoids and palmar intersesamoidean ligament

2. interosseous muscle

3. distal sesamoidean ligaments of proximal sesamoids

Name three components of the suspensory apparatus

prevents over-flexion

What action does suspensory apparatus have on metacarpophalangeal joint?

Palmar carpal ligament

In addition to the flexor retinaculum and accessory carpal bone, what structure completes the boundaries of the carpal canal, forming the dorsal boundary?

medial palmar artery

What is the principal arterial trunk (main blood supply) in the region of the metacarpus?

D

Which represents the coronary dermis?

Ventral: sternocephalicus

Medial: omohyoideus

Dorsal: brachiocephalicus

What muscles border the jugular groove?

Ventral: cervical vertebrae

caudal: cranial border of the scapula

Dorsal: nuchal fatty crest

What are the boundaries of an IM injection

between 1st and 2nd caudal vertebrae

What is the location of a standing epidural?

supraspinous ligament

What is the origination of the dorsoscapular ligament

subscapular fossa

what is the insertion of the dorsoscapular ligament?

1. absorb impact/concussion

2. limit passage of infection to deeper structures

What is one function of the dorsoscapular ligament

flexion

What action of the shoulder joint is prevented by the lacertus fibrosus?

carpometacarpal joint

In this lateral radiograph, what is C?

B and C

Which joints communicate?

palmar carpal ligament

What structure is represented by the white line?

yes

Is the pelvic flexure typically palpable per rectum?

no

Is the right kidney typically palpable per rectum?

yes

Is the base of cecum typically palpable per rectum?

no

Is the transverse colon typically palpable per rectum?

superficial digital flexor tendon

What is A?

accessory ligament of the DDFT (distal check)

What is B?

wall

What is the principal weight bearing structure of the hoof

1. navicular bursa

2. distal interphalangeal joint (coffin joint)

What synovial structures would be encountered by a puncture at A?

medial artery

What is the main arterial blood supply at the level of the carpus (travels through carpal canal)?

low ring bone

What is the layperson's term for osteoarthritis of the joint between the circles?

internal abdominal oblique

caudal slip of this muscle provides the cremaster muscle in males?

external abdominal oblique

slit in the aponeurosis of this muscle is the superficial inguinal ring

tunica flava abdominis

is mostly elastic and curls when cut which should be taken into consideration during surgury?

transversus abdominis

is the deepest muscle layer, prior to cutting through peritoneum in paralumbar fossa

Left ventral colon

What is B?

3 bands in left/right dorsal colon

How many bands does C have?

transverse colon

ingesta leaving C will travel through what impaction site?

terminal recess

What is indicated by arrow?

slower absorption in a fat vs muscle

Why would the nuchal fatty crest be avoided when giving injections?

What are the landmarks of the hart box

right phrenic nerve

This nerve originates from cervical spinal nerves C5-C7 and enters the thoracic cavity, courses ventral to the hilus of the lung, and innervates the diaphragm

descending colon (can see a band)

Identify D?

NO

Is the apex of the cecum palpable per rectum?

NO

Is the epiploic foramen palpable per rectum?

fixed

is the descending duodenum fixed or mobile in abdomen?

mobile

Are the LVC and LDC fixed or mobile in abdomen?

mobile

is the jejunum fixed or mobile in abdomen?

fixed

is the base of the cecum fixed or mobile in abdomen?

pastern joint

What is the layperson's term for the joint indicated by the arrows?

high ring bone

What is the term for osteoarthritis in this joint?

intermediate carpal bone

Identify A

medial palmar artery

identify the artery indicated by B

Radial nerve

This nerve innervates triceps muscle?

Suprascapular nerve

Damage to this nerve is called sweeny or shoulder slip. It results in lateral instability of the shoulder joint