Evolution - ACT Biology

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Evolution

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Change in inherited traits of a population over generations, leading to new species and diversity.

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Population

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Group of organisms of the same species living in the same area and capable of interbreeding.

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45 Terms

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Evolution

Change in inherited traits of a population over generations, leading to new species and diversity.

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Population

Group of organisms of the same species living in the same area and capable of interbreeding.

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Gene Pool

Total collection of genes and alleles in a population, subject to change over time.

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Microevolution

Small changes in gene pool affecting a few genes over a short period.

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Macroevolution

Formation of new species through speciation.

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Mutations

Changes in genetic material, providing raw material for evolutionary change.

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Gene Flow

Movement of alleles in/out of a population due to migration.

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Genetic Drift

Random change in allele frequency over time, leading to loss of genetic variation.

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Bottleneck Effect

Severe reduction in population size, resulting in loss of genetic diversity.

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Founder Effect

Small population colonizes new area, leading to differences in allele frequencies.

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Reproductive Isolation

Inability of individuals from same/species to interbreed, leading to speciation.

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Prezygotic Barriers

Prevent mating or fertilization before zygote formation.

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Postzygotic Barriers

Occur after mating, result in non-viable or infertile offspring.

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Biogeography

Study of where organisms live now and where ancestors lived.

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Continental Drift

Theory of continents moving over time, influencing biogeography.

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Fossil Record

Reveals extinct and evolving species, provides evidence of evolution.

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Prokaryotic Cells

Oldest fossils, first organisms to develop on Earth.

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Homologous Structures

Similar in structure but different in function; evidence of common ancestry and divergent evolution.

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Analogous Structures

Different in structure but similar in function; evidence of convergent evolution.

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Vestigial Structures

Non-functional remnants from ancestors, such as the human appendix or snake limbs.

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Comparative Biochemistry

Study of common biochemical pathways among different organisms.

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Comparative Embryology

Study of similarities in embryonic development among different species.

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Molecular Biology

Comparing amino acid sequences among organisms to determine relatedness.

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Divergent Evolution

Population isolation leads to new species; examples include homologous structures.

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Convergent Evolution

Unrelated species adapt similarly; examples include analogous structures.

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Parallel Evolution

Related species adapt similarly after divergence.

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Coevolution

Mutual evolutionary adaptations between closely associated species; examples include pollinator-plant relationships and predator-prey dynamics.

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Adaptive Radiation

Numerous species emerge from a common ancestor; examples include Darwin's Finches.

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Lamarck's Theory (Use and Disuse)

Traits change based on individual usage; experiment by Weisman disproved this theory.

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Hardy-Weinberg Principle

Describes allele frequency constancy in stable populations.

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Characteristics of a Stable Population

Large size, isolation, random mating, absence of selection, no mutations.

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Darwin's Theory (Natural Selection)

Traits aiding survival and reproduction become more common; survival of the fittest.

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Directional Selection

Extreme traits favored.

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Stabilizing Selection

Intermediate traits favored.

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Disruptive Selection

Extremes favored, intermediates disadvantaged.

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Phyletic Gradualism

Evolution occurs gradually over long periods from a common ancestor; disproved.

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Punctuated Equilibrium

Long periods of stability with short bursts of rapid change; accepted.

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Spontaneous Generation

Living organisms emerge from non-living matter; disproved by Redi and Pasteur.

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Francesco Redi's Experiment (1668)

Disproved spontaneous generation of maggots on decaying meat using covered and uncovered jars.

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Louis Pasteur's Experiment (1864)

Sterilized broth in swan-necked flask to disprove spontaneous generation of microorganisms.

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Origins of Life

Likely began in ancient environment with lack of oxygen but abundant methane, ammonia, and water vapor.

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Miller-Urey Experiment

Showed organic molecules for life could form from inorganic components under early Earth conditions.

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Theory of Endosymbiosis

Some organelles in eukaryotic cells were once prokaryotic microbes; supported by DNA and ribosomes.

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Cladogram

Shows relationships based on common ancestor without evolutionary time.

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Phylogenetic Tree

Depicts relationships based on characteristics, genetic background, and evolutionary time.