human a and p 2 midtermm

Tim runs 5 to 8 miles a day. He has an enlarged heart and low heart rate and blood pressure. He most likely has

a very healthy cardiovascular system.

When smooth muscles in the walls of the veins are stimulated to contract

blood pressure increases.

Which of the following waves of an ECG pattern is/are correctly described?

Group of answer choices

P wave-depolarization of atria

The external carotid arteries branch to structures in the

scalp.

face.

jaw.

base of the skull.

all of the above.

all of the above

In mitral valve prolapse, the mitral valve

Group of answer choices

bulges into the left atrium during ventricular contraction.

Which of the following layers of the heart and their functions are correctly matched?

Myocardium-muscular contractions that force blood out of the heart

3 multiple choice options

When the ventricular walls contract,

the mitral and tricuspid valves close.

Which of the following is not a factor that increases risk of developing atherosclerosis?

A diet high in unsaturated fats

3 multiple choice options

Angiotensin II increases blood pressure by

increasing peripheral resistance.

The structures that contain chemoreceptors that detect blood concentration of carbon dioxide and oxygen are

aortic bodies.

Circulation is vital because it

supplies oxygen and nutrients to and removes wastes from tissues.

Which artery is incorrectly matched to its location?

Thyrocervical arteries; thymus.

3 multiple choice options

Which of the following supplies blood to parts of the intestinal tract?

Superior mesenteric artery

Because net inward pressure in venular capillary ends is less than net outward pressure at the arteriolar ends of capillaries

more fluid leaves the capillaries than returns

When a person's pulse is taken by palpation near the thumb on the wrist, which artery is felt?

Radial artery

Sympathetic stimulation increases

stroke volume

3 multiple choice options

Which of the following is the correct sequence of parts through which blood moves from the vena cava to the lungs?

Right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary valve

The pain of angina pectoris comes from a blockage in an artery that supplies the

heart

Listening with a stethoscope just to the right near the tip of the sternum, sounds come most distinctly from the

tricuspid valve.

Bruce has colorectal cancer that has spread to his lymphatic system. He is given a drug that is an angiogenesis inhibitor. The drug works by

starving tumors by cutting off their blood supplies.

Which of the following is due to an aging cardiovascular system?

The tunica interna thickens

3 multiple choice options

The normal pacemaker of the heart is the

sinoatrial node

3 multiple choice options

The blood pressure in the large systemic arteries is greatest during

ventricular systole.

In an ECG pattern, the PQ interval indicates how long it takes for the cardiac impulse to travel from the

SA node through the AV node.

The pulmonary trunk divides into the right and left pulmonary arteries about __ centimeters above its origin.

5

Which of the following helps return blood to the heart?

Contracting skeletal muscles

Marjorie suffers from phlebitis. She has

inflammation of her veins.

3 multiple choice options

Factors that increase heart rate and blood pressure include

all of the above

3 multiple choice options

A sphygmomanometer measures

blood pressure.

Blood from the face and scalp is drained by the

external jugular vein.

The longest vein in the body is the

Group of answer choices

great saphenous vein.

An abnormally slow heart rate is termed

Group of answer choices

Bradycardia

The systemic circuit

sends oxygenated blood to the tissues

The loose-fitting sac around the heart is the

parietal pericardium.

The heart pumps about ____ liters of blood a day and contracts about _____ times in a lifetime.

7,000 liters; 2.5 billion

Plasma proteins in capillaries help to

maintain the osmotic pressure of the blood.

Which of the following correctly matches the valve to its function?

Mitral valve-permits one-way blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle

The skeleton of the heart consists of

fibrous connective tissue encircling the atrioventricular orifices.

The correct sequence of parts that carry cardiac impulses is

SA node, AV node, AV bundle, Purkinje fibers

Heart rate in a fetus is about ____, in a newborn about _____, and in an adult about ___.

145; 140; 70

In an ECG pattern, the P wave is caused by

depolarization of atrial muscle fibers.

Which of the following might serve as a secondary pacemaker for the heart?

Both AV node and Purkinje fibers

Cells of the conducting system in the heart are more sensitive to which ion?

Potassium

Blood flow to the right side of the heart muscle decreases due to constriction of the _____, and decreased blood flow to the heart tissue can result in _____.

right coronary artery; ischemia

Which of the following gases does endothelium release?

Nitric oxide

Kidney disease can cause hypertension by

all of the above

3 multiple choice options

Water and dissolved substances leave the arteriole end of a capillary due to ____, and enter the venule end of a capillary due to ______.

hydrostatic pressure being higher than osmotic pressure; osmotic pressure being higher than hydrostatic pressure

Which of the following is not a branch of the aorta?

Pulmonary artery

The radial and ulnar veins merge to form the _______ vein.

brachial

A virus differs from other pathogens in that it is

not capable of reproduction outside a living cell.

Fluid is kept from accumulating in tissue spaces by

the lymphatic system

The type of resistance that is acquired as a result of developing a disease is

naturally acquired active immunity

In the cellular immune response

T cells attach directly to antigens and destroy them.

The primary functions of lymph include

returning proteins to the bloodstream and transporting foreign particles to the lymph nodes.

The region of a lymph node through which blood vessels and nerves pass is called the

hilum.

Tissue fluid is ______ and lymph is ______.

forced out of blood plasma and generally lacking in proteins; absorbed into lymph capillaries

A vaccine produces its effects by

stimulating a primary immune response.

A lymph node consists of

all of the above

3 multiple choice options

Stephanie has her cancerous right breast removed, and the surgeon also removes lymph nodes in the axillary region, to prevent spread of the cancer. As a result, Stephanie's right arm

becomes edematous.

T lymphocytes mature in the thymus in response to

thymosins

The functions of the lymphatic system do not include

transporting hormones to intestinal smooth muscle.

3 multiple choice options

Interferon is a group of hormonelike peptides that cells produce in response to

viruses.

The two collecting ducts that drain the lymphatic trunks are the

thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct.

The mononuclear phagocytic system includes

monocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils.

T lymphocytes are responsible for

cell-mediated immunity.

A vaccine can halt an infection in a population if everyone is vaccinated due to

herd immunity.

The tissues of the spleen are called

red and white pulp.

An antigen is ______, whereas an antibody is ______.

a foreign substance such as a protein or a polysaccharide to which lymphocytes respond; a globular protein that reacts with an antigen to eliminate the antigen

Heart valve cells can be damaged through

autoimmunity.

Inflammation is a response to

all of the above

3 multiple choice options

In HIV infection, reverse transcriptase

makes DNA from viral RNA.

The anti-Rh factor is an example of an

IgG.

An immune response that is slower but more specific for the pathogen is the

adaptive defense.

Plasma cells

produce antibody molecules.

A transplant recipient's body rejects a transplanted organ because her ______ does not match that of the donor closely enough.

major histocompatibility complex

Following a primary immune response, the cells that give rise to memory cells are

both B cells and T cells.

The lymph nodes of the axillary region receive lymph mainly from the

upper limb and mammary gland.

The structure of a lymphatic vessel is most similar to that of a(n)

vein.

Aging of the lymphatic system begins

at birth.

The spleen

resembles a large lymph node divided into lobules.

Disease-causing agents are called

pathogens.

_________ initiate(s) a cascade effect in response to foreign proteins in the body.

The complement system

A primary immune response ______, and a secondary immune response ______.

produces antibodies within five to ten days of exposure to antigens; produces antibodies within a day or two of a subsequent exposure to the same antigen

The formation of lymph increases as a result of

increasing hydrostatic pressure in tissue fluid.

Which of the following are cytokines?

Colony stimulating factors, interferons, interleukins, tumor necrosis factor

Which of the following is part of the adaptive immune response?

Production of antibodies

The most abundant type of immunoglobulin is

IgG

The order in which HIV breaches barriers and affects immunity is

crossing the mucosal barrier, entering macrophages, entering helper T cells, then cytotoxic T cells

Low-grade fever is an effective defense for short periods of time because it

increases temperature, which slows the growth of bacteria.

Marsha gets a splinter in her finger. What is her body's response to any microbe that might try to enter her body as a result of the splinter breaking the skin?

innate defense.

Complement proteins, which are activated when IgG or IgM antibodies bind antigen,

cause opsonization, which coats the antibody-antigen complexes in a way that attracts phagocytes.

After lymph leaves the collecting ducts, it enters _____ and becomes part of the ______.

veins; plasma

Cells in a lymph node that engulf and destroy damaged cells, foreign substances, and cellular debris are

macrophages.

A vaccine against HIV

may be impossible due to the variability and diversity of HIV.'

Lymph nodes are grouped throughout the body except in the

central nervous system.

Lymph differs from plasma in that

plasma has more protein than lymph.

Factors that contribute to the prevalence of peanut allergy in the U.S. include the fact that

dry roasting activates the responsible allergens.

Foreign particles that are injected into the skin enter the lymphatic system

rapidly.

Interleukin-1 secretion causes

a fever.

Morris has lung cancer and is given the drug Avastin. His doctor says that the drug is a monoclonal antibody. This means that the drug consists of

a single type of antibody.