APWH Unit 1

What three states emerged after the decline of the Tang Empire?

The nomadic Liao, Tanggut, and the Chinese-speaking Song Empire.

What was the capital of the Southern Song Dynasty?

Hangzhou.

How did the Song elite prioritize their social values?

They valued scholars over military men, emphasizing civil pursuits.

What philosophical system rose during the Song Dynasty, and what did it emphasize?

Neo-Confucianism, which emphasized moral and social responsibility.

What role did Buddhism play during the Song Dynasty?

Buddhism, including Mahayana and Chan (Zen) sects, remained popular and adapted despite Confucian criticisms.

What were the distinct religious preferences of the different states during the Song Dynasty?

Mahayana Buddhism for the Liao, Tibetan Buddhism for the Tangguts, and Confucianism for the Song.

How did the revival of Confucianism affect women's rights during the Song Dynasty?

It led to a decrease in women's rights and social status, eroding property rights and prohibiting remarriage.

What was foot-binding, and what did it symbolize in Song society?

Foot-binding was a widespread practice among elite families symbolizing the subordination of women.

What technological advancements occurred during the Song Dynasty?

Advancements included new agricultural techniques, refinement of the magnetic compass, watertight bulkheads in ships, and the efficient Chinese wheelbarrow.

What was the significance of the Grand Canal in Song China?

The Grand Canal, a 1,100-mile waterway, facilitated trade and transportation.

How did iron and coal production in Song China compare to other historical periods?

It soared to levels comparable to 18th-century Britain, driven by military needs.

What cultural exchanges occurred between China and neighboring regions?

Korea, Japan, and Vietnam adopted aspects of Chinese culture, blending them with indigenous traditions.

How did the political landscape change after the decline of the Abbasid Caliphate?

It shifted from a centralized Islamic world to a decentralized one with competing powers.

What factors weakened the Abbasid Caliphate?

Internal issues, including the collapse of their canal system, land-grant practices, and rising military powers.

What significant event did the Seljuk Turks achieve in 1055?

They established a kingdom and took control of Baghdad.

What was the role of the Mamluks in the Islamic world?

They were a military class that seized control of Egypt and Syria and stopped the Mongol invasion at the Battle of Ain Jalut.

What was the impact of the Mongol invasions on the Islamic world?

They caused significant destruction, notably in Baghdad, but led to the re-emergence of a potent Islam.

What does the term 'Dar al-Islam' refer to?

It refers to the Islamic world, which was not monolithic and included rival caliphates and sect tensions.

What were the tensions present within the Islamic world during this period?

Tensions existed between different sects, such as Sunnis and Shi'ites, and among rival caliphates.

What was the significance of the Battle of Ain Jalut in 1260?

It marked the Mamluks' successful defense against the Mongol invasion.

What was the status of women's roles in family alliances and agricultural labor in regions influenced by Chinese culture?

Women maintained active roles in family alliances and agricultural labor, differing from the practices in Song China.

How did the Song Dynasty's civil service examinations influence its bureaucracy?

They emphasized the importance of scholars and civil pursuits, shaping the new imperial bureaucracy.

What new agricultural techniques were adopted during the Song Dynasty?

The use of iron implements and fast-maturing Champa rice increased agricultural productivity.

What was the significance of Islam's expansion between 1200 and 1500?

It was particularly significant in the south, impacting regions like West Africa and India.

How did the Mali Empire come to prominence?

The Mali Empire, founded by Sundiata and made famous by Mansa Musa's pilgrimage to Mecca in 1324-1325, controlled vast gold and copper resources.

What was the role of trade in the spread of Islam in West Africa?

Islam spread through peaceful conversion via trade with Muslim merchants and scholars.

What was the Delhi Sultanate and how was it established?

The Delhi Sultanate was established by invading Turkish and Afghan Muslims who conquered much of northern India.

What tax did the Delhi Sultanate impose on Hindus?

The jizya tax, which was a tax for protection granted to Hindus.

Who was Sultan Raziya?

A wise and capable female ruler of the Delhi Sultanate who faced gender prejudice.

How did urbanization influence the conversion to Islam?

Conversion to Islam was often linked to migration to urban centers and the expansion of trade routes.

What was the House of Wisdom and its significance?

Located in Baghdad, it was a major center for translating ancient texts into Arabic, crucial for knowledge development.

What happened to the House of Wisdom in 1258?

It was destroyed by the Mongols.

What is Sufism?

A form of Islamic mysticism that blended with local traditions as Islam spread.

Who was 'A'isha al-Ba'uniyya?

A notable female Sufi scholar and poet from Damascus.

What contributions did Muhammad Ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi make?

He developed algebra.

Which fields did Muslim scholars advance during this period?

Mathematics, astronomy, medicine, and literature.

What significant mathematical contributions were made by Nasir al-Din Tusi and Ghiyas al-Din Jamshid al-Kashi?

They contributed to algebra, trigonometry, and decimal notation.

What role did paper play in the spread of knowledge in Islamic civilization?

Muslims introduced paper, facilitating the spread of written knowledge.

What literary language developed in northern India due to Persian influence?

Urdu, which was written in Arabic characters.

What was the impact of the Mamluks on the Mongol invasion?

The Mamluks halted the Mongol invasion at the Battle of Ain Jalut in 1260.

What led to the decline of the Abbasid Caliphate?

Internal strife, environmental problems, and the rise of a powerful military class.

What characterized the political landscape of the Islamic world during this period?

It was not unified, with rival caliphates and diverse religious interpretations coexisting.

How did the Mongol destruction of Baghdad in 1258 affect Islam?

It was a shock but was followed by significant territorial expansion of Islam.

What centers of learning emerged as hubs for Islamic scholarship?

Centers like Timbuktu and Malacca, where scholars collected libraries and taught advanced classes.

What was the relationship between trade routes and the spread of Islam in sub-Saharan Africa?

The expansion of trans-Saharan trade routes drove the spread of Islam.

What is syncretism in the context of Islam?

The blending of Islamic beliefs with local traditions as Islam spread.

How did the introduction of paper influence knowledge dissemination?

It facilitated the spread of written knowledge.

What languages emerged in India due to cultural blending?

Languages like Urdu, blending Persian and local tongues.

Which city was a major center of learning in West Africa?

Timbuktu, known for its schools and private libraries.

What role did merchants and Sufis play in the expansion of Islam?

They expanded Islam peacefully by fostering trust through common legal and moral codes.

Who was Mansa Musa and what did his pilgrimage to Mecca demonstrate?

He was a ruler of the Mali Empire whose pilgrimage showcased the empire's immense wealth.

What was the Delhi Sultanate and who established it?

A Muslim state in India established by Turkish and Afghan invaders.

How did some rulers of the Delhi Sultanate show religious toleration?

Rulers like Muhammad ibn Tughluq practiced religious toleration despite high taxes on non-Muslims.

What was the significance of Sultan Raziya in the Delhi Sultanate?

She was an accomplished female ruler whose reign was cut short by sexism.

What impact did Muslim invasions have on Buddhism in India?

They led to the decline of Buddhism and the destruction of major centers like Nalanda.

What was the Bhakti movement in Hinduism?

A movement emphasizing personal devotion to deities.

What was the Vijayanagar Empire and its relationship with the Delhi Sultanate?

A Hindu state that allied with some Muslim states to counter the Delhi Sultanate's expansion.

What caused the collapse of the Delhi Sultanate?

Internal strife, Hindu discontent, and the invasion of Timur in 1398.

What was the Srivijayan kingdom known for?

Controlling vital trade routes through the Strait of Malacca and being a major Buddhist power.

How did the Delhi Sultanate contribute to India's political structure?

It developed centralized political authority, bureaucracy, and a common currency.

What was the economic reliance of the Delhi Sultanate?

The economy was highly reliant on long-distance trade dominated by Muslim merchants.

What technological difference existed between China and Japan in transportation?

China used efficient single-wheeled wheelbarrows, while Japan relied on human porters and pack animals.

What was the Anasazi economy based on?

Maize, beans, and squash.

What was Chaco Canyon and its significance?

A major center for the Anasazi, known for its large residential and ritual complex, Pueblo Bonito.

What likely caused the abandonment of Chaco Canyon?

A prolonged drought.

What characterized the Hopewell culture?

They built large villages and monumental earthworks for burials and religious rituals.

What is a chiefdom, and how does it relate to the Hopewell culture?

A society with a hereditary leader, exemplified by the Hopewell culture.

What was the Mississippian culture and its reliance?

Evolved from the Hopewell culture and was reliant on maize, beans, and squash.

What was the largest urban center of the Mississippian culture?

Cahokia, near modern-day St. Louis.

What was the population of Cahokia at its height around 1200 CE?

Approximately 20,000.

What factors contributed to the decline of Cahokia?

Military defeat, climate change, and environmental degradation from deforestation.

What civilization formed the core of the Aztec Empire?

The Mexica people.

What were the capital cities of the Aztec Empire established around 1325 CE?

Tenochtitlan and Tlatelolco.

How was the political structure of the Aztec Empire organized?

It was hierarchical, led by a monarch selected from the ruling lineage.

What role did women play in Aztec society?

Women held significant influence and power in households, markets, and as priestesses.

What was the basis of the Aztec economy?

Tribute from conquered peoples and long-distance trade.

What type of labor system did the Inca use for their economy?

The mit'a system, a form of forced communal labor.

What was the Inca Empire's extent by 1525?

It stretched from Chile to Ecuador.

What was the Inca ruler considered to be?

Divine, descended from the sun god.

What were khipus used for in the Inca Empire?

Record-keeping.

What led to the decline of the Inca Empire?

A bloody civil war over succession that began in 1525.

What was the peak population of Great Zimbabwe around 1400 CE?

Approximately 18,000.

What contributed to the wealth of Great Zimbabwe?

Mixed farming, cattle herding, and long-distance trade, particularly the export of gold.

What caused the decline of Great Zimbabwe in the 15th century?

An ecological crisis caused by deforestation and overgrazing.

What was the role of the Ethiopian Empire under the Solomonic dynasty?

It expanded trade through the Red Sea port of Zeila.

What were the prosperous city-states on the Swahili Coast known for?

Exporting significant amounts of gold from inland Africa.

What facilitated the spread of wealth and conflicts in commercial networks?

Good relations based on common commercial interests.

How many enslaved Africans were sold between 1200 and 1500?

An estimated 2.5 million.

What roles did enslaved people fulfill in society?

As soldiers, administrators, miners, and household servants.

What was a major commercial center that traded with Africa, Arabia, and Southeast Asia?

Aden.

What military group did the Delhi Sultanate employ?

Turkic military slaves known as mamluks.

Which regions increased the export of enslaved people across the Sahara?

Mali and Bornu.

What was the practice of sati in Hinduism?

A widow's self-immolation on her husband's funeral pyre, considered a meritorious act but optional.

What were the typical marriage practices for girls in Hindu society?

Girls were often married before puberty, but consummation waited until they were older.

How were women's social roles defined in Hindu society?

Women had stricter rules of chastity than men, faced lighter penalties for offenses, and their status was determined by male relatives.

What did Ibn Battuta observe about Muslim women in Mali?

He noted the lack of veiling and the social freedom of women, which he considered a violation of modesty.

What domestic and economic roles did women play in African Islam?

Women were involved in farm work, food preparation, household chores, brewing beverages, and selling agricultural products and crafts.

What was the role of women in the agricultural workforce in tropical Africa and Asia?

Women were primary agricultural laborers, responsible for domestic tasks and engaged in craft activities.

What technological innovation increased crop yields in medieval Europe?

The three-field system, which rotated crops across two-thirds of the land.

What was the population growth in Europe between 1100 and 1300?

Europe's population more than doubled to about 80 million due to a warmer climate and fewer epidemics.