Anatomy and Physiology 2 Chapter 17-19 Lecture Exam

olfaction

smell

gustation

taste

equilibrium

balance

what are the two layers of olfactory organs

olfactory epithelium and lamina propria

small airborne organic water-soluble or lipid-soluble substances which stimulate the olfactory receptors

odorants

Covers the inferior surface of the cribriform plate, the superior portion of the perpendicular plate, and the superior nasal conchae of the ethmoid

olfactory epithelium

underlying the olfactory epithelium

lamina propria

highly modified nerve cells

Olfactory sensory neurons

An odorant binds to a G protein–coupled receptor in the plasma membrane of an olfactory dendrite

step one of olfaction

The second messenger c A M P opens sodium ion channels and the olfactory neuron depolarizes creating a generator potential

step two of olfaction

Sufficient depolarization triggers action potentials in the axon of the olfactory neuron

step three of olfaction

Axons of the olfactory bulb neurons form the olfactory tracts and take the sensory information to the

olfactory cortex in the cerebrum, the hypothalamus, and the limbic system

Olfactory information is the only type of sensory information to reach the cerebral cortex without passing through the thalamus first

true

gustatory epithelial cells

taste receptor cells

what are the types of lingual papillae

fungiform papillae, foliate papillae, and vallate papillae, filliform papillae

epithelial projections on the surface of the tongue

lingual papillae

scattered around tongue, around 5 per taste bud

fungiform papillae

along lateral margin of tongue

foliate papillae

V shaped pattern, contains around 100 tastebuds

vallate papillae

anterior two thirds of tongue, no taste buds

filiform papillae

What cells do taste buds contain

Basal epithelial, transitional, and taste receptor cells

what nerves are use with taste

CN X(back of tongue)

CN IX (V of tongue)

CN VII(front 2/3)

detected when sodium ions diffuse into receptor cell via sodium leak channels

salty

detected by when hydrogen ions diffuse into receptor cell via sodium leak channels

sour

pleasant, savory taste imparted by glutamate - Detected by G protein–coupled receptors

Umami

detected by G protein–coupled receptors

Umami, Sweet, and Bitter

Which Cranial Nerve is bitter, and Which is sweet, sour, umami, and salty

CN IX and X- Bitter

CN VII- sweet, sour, umami, and salty

Layers of the Ear

External Ear

Middle Ear

Internal Ear

The External Ear Contains what

Auricle, Tympanic Membrane, and Ceruminous glands

outer fleshy cartilaginous portion of the ear (protects external acoustic meatus)

Auricle (pinna)

thin, semi-transparent sheet at the end of the auditory canal (vibrates and transmits sound to middle ear)

Tympanic Membrane (eardrum)

glands along the auditory canal that secrete a waxy material

ceruminous glands

air-filled chamber

middle ear (tympanic cavity)

connects the middle ear with the nasopharynx

auditory tube

permits equalization of pressure on either side of the tympanic membrane

auditory tube

middle ear contains what

auditory ossicles

attached to the tympanic membrane

malleus (hammer)

attached to the malleus and stapes

incus (anvil)

attaches to the edges of the oval window

stapes (stirrup)

What does the Middle ear Contain

Auditory tube

auditory ossicles

malleus

incus

stapes

muscle of the middle ear that inserts in the malleus, pulls on the malleus and stiffens tympanic membrane

tensor tympani

muscle of the middle ear that inserts on the stapes and reduces movement of stapes at oval window

stapedius

What does the Internal ear contain

Bony Labyrinth, vestibule, semicircular canals, cochlea

continuous with the surrounding temporal bone

bony labyrinth

auditory tube is located where

middle ear

auditiory cannal is located where

external ear

another term for earwax

cerooman

spinal nerve goes with what cranial nerve

VIII

interconnected network of fluid-filled tubes

membranous labyrinth

±fluid between the two labyrinths

perilymph

fluid within the membranous labyrinth

endolymph

consists of two membranous sacs, the saccule and the utricle

vestibule

three canals that contain three semicircular ducts

semicircular canals

spiral-shaped bony chamber that contains the cochlear duct of the membranous labyrinth

cochlea

densely packed calcium carbonate crystals on the surface of the otolithic membrane, which make it heavier so it can move with gravity

otoliths(earstones)

high frequency means what pitch

high pitch

low frequency means what pitch

low pitch

What are the accessory structures of the eye

eyelids, superficial epithelium of the eye, lacrimal apparatus

gap that separates the free margins of the upper and lower eyelids

palpebral fissure

What are the eyelids connected at

medial and lateral angle

epithelial membrane

conjunctiva

covers inner surface of the eyelids

palpebral conjunctiva

covers the anterior surface of eye

bulbar conjunctiva

pocket where the palpebral conjunctiva becomes continuous with the bulbar conjunctiva

fornix

inflammation of the conjunctiva caused by pathogens, physical, chemical, or allergic irritation

Conjunctivitis (pinkeye)

produces, distributes, and removes tears

lacrimal apparatus

continuously produces tears

lacrimal gland

Layers of the eye from outermost to innermost

Fibrous layer, vascular layer(uvea), and inner layer(retina)

between the cornea and the iris

anterior chamber

between the iris and the lens

posterior chamber

fluid portion of vitreous body

vitreous humor

supports and protects the eye

fibrous layer

what is in the fibrous layer of the eye

sclera (white of the eye)

cornea

corneoscleral junction

What is the in vascular layer of the eye

iris(pigmented area)

blood vessels

pupillae (muscles that control the pupil)

ciliary body

choroid(sorrounds inner layers)

vascular layer that surrounds the inner layers posterior to the ora serrata

choroid

what is in the inner layer of the eye

retina

pigment layer that absorbs light

rods and cones

photoreceptors

what is used for vision when light is low

rods

what provide color for vison

cones

what is the site of sharpest color vision

fovea

origin of optic nerve

optic disk (CN II)

disease of the retina that develops in people with diabetes mellitus, due to the blockage of small retinal blood vessels and overgrowth of abnormal vessels

diabetic retinopathy

what shape is the eye

biconvex

impaired drainage of aqueous humor which leads to an increase in intra-ocular pressure and can damage the optic nerve.

glaucoma

transparent, biconvex, flexible disc that lies posterior to the cornea

lens

loss of transparency in the lens due to injury, U V radiation, drug effects or ageing

cataracts

small light energy packets

photons

light is bent as it passes from one medium to another

refraction

distance between the center of the lens and the focal point

focal distance

condition where the light passing through the cornea and lens is not refracted properly and the visual image is distorted

astigmatism

what shape does the lens change to for nearby objects

rounder

what shape does the lens become for distant objects

flatter

what is myopia

nearsightedness

what is hyperopia

farsightedness

prespeopia

farsightedness in elderly

depolarization

dark

hyperpolarization

light

How do the different interceller communications transmit information

direct communication- gap junctions

paracrine communication and autocrine communication- extracellular fluid

endocrine communication- the bloodstream

synaptic communication- across synapse

what are the mechanisms of intercellular communication chemical mediators

direct communication- ions, small solutes, lipid soluble materials

paracrine communication- paracrines

autocrine communication- autocrines

endocrine communication- horomones

synaptic communication- neurotransmitters

what are the mechanisms of intercellular communication distribution of effects

direct communication-adjacent cells with same type of interconnected connexons

paracrine communication-local area

autocrine communication- cell that scretes the hormone

endocrine communication- in other organs and tissues

synaptic communication- very specific area

chemical messengers that travel in blood (hormones) reach distant target cells.

endocrine communication