P3 CSs

LIDC Volcano

Nyiragongo in Dominican Republic of Congo (DRC)

Nyiragongo

2002 Jan

Western DRC between 2 fault lines in a hotspot/rift zone

Effusive, 60km/hr lava flows from strontium & neodymium, gas emitted

1/5 of Goma destroyed, 100 ppl killed, 120K homes destroyed

400,000 evacuated to Rwanda

147 deaths from contaminated water and inhaling toxic gases

350,000 reliant on aid

Scientists try to monitor but interrupted by civil war

British Overseas Territory (BOT) Volcano

Montserrat

Montserrat

1995

Volcanic island in the Caribbean

Exposive, high viscosity & Si02, lots of gas

Phreatic eruption, earthquakes

6000 evacuated

1997 pyroclastic flows → 19 killed airport damaged, 175 homes destroyed

by 2000, 75% pop migrated

loss of coral & TRF ecosystem

Land use zoning, seismometers, gas spectrometers

£400mn aid package

AC volcano

Mt Etna, Sicily, Italy

Mt Etna, Sicily, Italy

2002-3

Island arc, subd. of African under Eurasian

effusive, A’a flows, Ash column, gas, fire

Damage to ski resort & cable cars

N & S fissure eruptions & Lava tubes → wider are affected

Dirt walls & spraying water to divert lava from infrastructure

Seismometers, computer modelling of lava pathways

15% of Sicily’s GDP from tourism

19% unemployed

Krill as a renewable biological resource

females lay up to 10k eggs several times a year

can survive 200 days of starvation

remove 12bn tonnes of C from atm /yr

main prey of many penguin, whale & fish species

Krill fishing from 1970s → krill stocks decreased by 80% (shown by sonar surveys)

estimated 0.4% biomass of krill caught in Antarctic ecosystem

5 countries currently harvesting Krill

Norway accounting for over half

what is CCAMLR and what they do

Commission for conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resource

set up in 1982

monitor & regulate commercial interests in krill

set a total catch allowance (TAC) set for 620k tonnes /yr

5% of Southern Ocean protected

Deepwater horizon

April 2010

5mn barrels of oil split in the Gulf of Mexico

11 died

3 months to fix leak → 200mn gallons of oil released

150,000km2

Systematic errors - cutting sots, not evaluating strength of cement

BP responsible

Krill decreased by 92% in GoM region

6,800 dead animals collected

8.3mn oysters killed

$2.5bn lost in fishing and tourist industry from 225,000km2 closed for clean up

Oil drilling closed until 2017 in parts of GoM

North Atlantic Gyre & Garbage Patch

North Atlantic currents

The Maldives

Greenland geopolitics

Alaska indigenous people

Gulf of Guinea piracy

Migration across the Mediterranean

Tonga 2022

explosive

2-15m tsunami

pyroclastic flows

400k tonnes of SO2

60km vertical ash plume

Hawaii 2018

effusive/hotspot

Yellowstone USA

supervolcano → more than 1000km2 of lava erupted, giant caldera, >8 on VEI, 100k yrs frequency

9k km2 National park mostly in Wyoming

Caldera w/ 75 km diameter

thin continental crust 3 km thick

geysers, hotsprings

700,000 yr frequency

LIDC Eathquake

2010

Haiti background

LIDC, 63% literacy, $1k GDP per capita

80% in poverty

66% working in agriculture

Island in Caribbean, borders Dominican Republic on the east

Garden fault across Haiti horizontally

Caribbean plate, NA & SA plate

Strike slip fault

Political instability

High pop density, weak buildings

Haiti earthquake

Jan 2010

7.0 MW, 13km deep

Under Leogane, 15km away from capital Port-au-Prince

ground shaking & displacement, tsunami, liquefaction

5% rubble cleared after 1 yr

Nov 2010 Cholera outbreak

222k deaths, 300k injured

2.3mil displaced → 200k to Dominican Republic

1.5mn homeless

800k in camps

1.5 jobs lost

cost $7.8bn - 120% of GDP

60% gov buildings destroyed → no president elected in Nov → only 38% of $1.4bn donated, spent

EDC earthquake

2023 Turkey

Turkey background

EDC, 97% literacy, $13,000 GDP per capita

In the Middle East, coastal to Mediterranean sea

Borders Syria to the west

On Anatolian block & Arabian plate

African plate under & Eurasian above

Hatay Triple Junction → African, Arabian & Eurasian plates converge

Strike slip faults

North Anatolian Fault & East Anatolian Fault (EAF)

EAF is 700km long

Turkey earthquake

6th Feb 2023 at 4am

7.8 MW from EAF

epicentre was 18km deep

7.5 MW aftershock at 1pm

18mn affected in Turkey & Syria

large child pop → 2.5mn in poverty

55k deaths

2.6mn in tents, 1.6mn on streets

300,000 buildings destroyed incl. skls & hospitals

1/7 health facilities partially functioning

accounted for 9% of Turkey’s GDP in 2023

Subsidence of 14m & inland flooding → seawater inland

Aid from 60 countries

Japan earthquake

Tohoku earthquake 2011

9.0 MW

Epicentre 70km offshore

Lasted 6-7 mins

15m high Tsunami

Coastline subd. by 0.6-1m which made Tsunami walls ineffective

Liquefaction

Japan background & location

AC, $49,000 GDP per capita, 99% literacy

On the edge of the Pacific ring of fire, bottom half of Japan on Eurasian plate, top half on North American plate

Pacific plate subd. under NA plate, Philippine plate subd. under Eurasian plate

Japan earthquake effects

nearly 16k died → 90% drowned

Homes,skls, health centres still being reconstructed after 10 yrs

Shutdown of 11 nuclear reactors

4.4mn households with no energy

45,700 buildings destroyed

Fukushima meltdown → 30km evacuation zone from radiation

Radiation affecting coastal landscape

Political: Germany used incident to support their idea against nuclear power

Japan earthquake management

Research & monitoring: Japan meteorological agency

earthquake proof buildings

land-use zoning → open spaces in cities

Tsunami warning systems near coast

Education & training for all ages

Continental drift evidence

Alfred Wegner proposed idea that continents used to be 1 large continent called Pangea

Fit of the continents - continental shelves fits together

Matching mountain ranges & rock types - Alps & Appalachians have similar characteristics, Cratons

Distribution of fossils - Mesosaurus lived in fresh water but found in Africa & SA

Glaciations - glacial deposits in locations around equator & tropics, striations suggesting ice moving away from south pole