APUSH- unit 5 study guide

Reasons for Westward Migration

• Adventure/Curiosity

• Improvement of economic conditions

• Greater social, political, and religous freedom

Late 19th c. Immigration

Millions of people migrated to the United States from around the world.

• Mexicans

• Asian

• African Americans

The Great Plains

a. A vasr grassland in central america originally habitated by NA.

b. During westward expansion NA were killed and removed from the plains.

Corporate Mining

a. An enterprise that extract valuable minerals and resources from the earth

b. they would take gold, silver, copper to make cash and commodities

Transcontinental Railroad (1869)

a. The 1st RR to reach form coast to coast

b. They cut travel time, created time zones, and made hunters kill buffalo, which was detrimental to the NA who relied heavily on them.

Battle of Big Little Horn

a. Conflict between NA tribes and the U.S. calvary

b. one of the most significant wins for NA against U.S. military during the plains wars

The Massacre At Wounded Knee

a. When the U.S wilitary opened fire on unarmed NA

b. They killed 100’s of men, women, and children

Disadvantages of Native Americans

• They werent exposed to diseases

• They didnt have “modern” weapons

• Lived solely off the land

Helen Hunt Jackson

a. She was a poet, author, and activist in the late 19th c.

b. She ws an activist for NA and spoke agaisnt their mistreatment

• She wanted to assimilate them into white culture

The Cattle Kingdom

a. When the Great Plains were primarily dominated by large scale ranching in the late 19th c.

b. Ranching formed huge profits

Reasons for the decline of the Cattle Kingdom

• Big business taking over

• Dry summers/ Severe Winters

• over supplied beef market

Reasons for industrial growth

• Abundant natural Resources

• Technological Advancement

• expanison of railroads

Samuel Slater

a. An English American revolutionist who was known as the “father of the American Insutrial Revolution”

b.He introduced the 1st successful water-powered cotton mill to the U.S.

Industrial Capitalism

a. an economic system that emergered during the late 19th c.

b. Included large scale factory production, mass production or goods, and private ownership of the means of production

Plessy v. Ferguson

a. A supreme court case that upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation

b. ruled that it was fine as long as it was “seperate but equal”

Reasons for the fall of Populism

• Southerners/ Westerners not agreeing on policy

• Racism preventing Black & White farmers to come together

• rise of Industry/urbanization

Effects of the Civil War on Industry

a. Caused Industry to increase in the north

• expanded to meet the wars needs

b. Caused industry to decline in the south

• suffered due to union blockades (prevented the confederate states from trading with other nations)

Materialism (Higher Standard of living)

a. a belief that pphsycial possession and wealth are the primary focus in life

b. caused excessive buying and accumilating goods

Technological Evolution

a. A period of rapid industrialization and tech adv. in the late 19th c.

b. had inventions like RR, electricity, the telegraph / telephone, lightbulb, and more.

(2) Types of monopolistic Practices

-Horizontal Integration

• Merging/ buying out competing companies

-Veritcal Intergration

• Accquiring companies at different stages of production

Sherman Antitrust Act

a. A law passed to promote competiton in business and prevent monopolies

b. it promoted fair competiton

John D. Rockerfeller/ Standard Oil Company

a. An american business man and philantropist

b. He founded the standard oil company

Captains of Industry

a. Prominent American industrialisrs from the late 19th c.

b. They gained great wealth through business

Robber Barons

a. A group of wealthy industrialists during the late 19th c (American gilded Age)

b. They gained fortune through unethical business practices like monopolies, price manipulation, and explotation of labor

Ellis Island

a. a small islandlocated in New York Harbor

b. It served as the primary immigration station for millions of immigrnats arriving in the U.S.

Cause of growth of Cities/ Industrialization

a. Rapid increase in population in american cities

b. impacted the social, economics, and political landscape of the U.S.

Terence Powderly

a. The leader of the Knights of Labor

b. it was the nations 1st successful trade labor union

Haymarket Affair

A violent conflict between police and labor protesters

b. they were advocating for an 8-hour workday

Industrial Workers of the World

a. A radical labor union founded in 1905

b. aimed to organize all workers acros industries to fight for better working conditons

Mary Harris Jones

a. An American labor union and community organizer

b. a member of the industrial workers of the world

American Federation of Labor

a. A national labor organization formed in the late 1800s.

b. organized skilled workers from various trades to advocate for better hours, working conditions, and wages

Samuels Gompers

a. He was a prominent American Labor leader

b. The foudnign president of the American Federation of Labor

The Pullman Strike

a. A widespread RR strike and boycott

b. it disrupted rial traffic in the midwest

The Gospel of Wealth

a. an article written by Andrew Carnegie

b. expressed the idea that wealthy men had responsibility to use their wealth for the greater good of society

Andrew Carnegie

a. A Scottish- American Industrialist

b. was one of the wealthiest men in the world

Social Gospel

a. A protestant Christain intellectual movement

b. it applied ethics to social problems

Knights of Labor

a. A group led by Terence Powderly

b. They were idealists who belueved they could eliminate conflict between labor and management

(3) Major aspects of the late 19th c

• rapid industrialization

• mass immigration

• the rise of large corporations and monopolies

William Jennings Bryan

a. an American lawyer, orator, and politican

b. he was a dominent force in the democratic Party

Transition of the U.S. Economy

a. Known as the “Market Revolution”

b. A shift from agarian rural society to an industrialized urban one

(2) Factors Affecting Social Development in the West

• Social Inequality

• Cultural shifts around family structure

Thomas Nast

A. A 19th c Political Cartoonist

b. he was known as the “father of the american cartoon”

Patrons of husbandry (grangers)

A. A social organization in the U.S.

b. Encouraged families to bond together together to promote the economy and political well-being of the community and agriculture

Populism

A. A political program that claims to champion the common people

B. Emphasizes the idea of the common people

The Gilded Age

a. A period in the late 19th capprox. 1870s-1890s

B. Characterized by rapid industrialization, economic growth, significant social inequality, and widespread political corruption

Late 19th c. Political parties

• Democrat

• Republican

W.E.B. Du Bois

A. A civil rights activists, scholar, and author

B. He was a leader in the fight against racial oppression and segregation

Booker T. Washington

A. A prominent African Americn leader in the late 19th - early 20thc.

B. Advocated for AA to focus on education and economic self-reliance for civil rights

Credit Mobiller

A. A major political corruption scandal

B. They overcharged for RR building and pocketed the rest of the money

Whiskey Ring

A. a bribery scheme

B. They avoided taxes on whiskey

Rutherford B. Hayes

a. The 19th president of the U.S.

b. He was an advocate for the civil Service Reform

Industrial Capitalism

a. an economic system that emerged during the latw 19th c.

b.large scale factory production

Civil Service Reform

a. a movement in the late 19th c.

b. aimed at replacing the spoils system with a merit-based system for hiring gov. employee

Interstate Commerce Act (1887)

a. federal law that aimed to regulate the RR industry monopolies practices

b. made a step toward protecting smaller businesses

The Gilded Age Political Characteristics

• competition between two parties

• corruption

• political machines

Dawes Act

a. a law passed that allowed U.S. gov. to break up NA tribal land into individual plots

b. aimed to assimilate NA into mainstream society

Monopoly

a.when a single compant or corporation dominates an entire industry

b. This allowed them to control the market

Horace Greeley

a. A newspaper editor who spoke on anti-slavery

b. a supporter of western expansion

Labor Unions

a. organized associations of workers formed to protect their rights in the workplace

b.enabled worker to negotiate higher wages and benefits

Nativism

a. A political ideaology that favors the interests of native born Americans over immigrants

b.aimed at restricting immigration

Pendelton Civil Service Act (1883)

a. a united states federal law passed

b. it est. a merit-based system of selecting gov. officals and supervising their work

Horizontal Integration

a. a business strategy where a company requires or merges with its competitors

b. it eliminates competiton in the industry

Segregation

a. the forced seperation of different racial or ethnic groups

b. this included education , housing, and employment

Thomas Edison

a. A prominent American inventor and business-man

b. invented the light, photograph, and early motion picture

Bimetalism

a. a monetary system where the value of a currency is tied to both gold and silver

b. it was amajor political issue b/c it affected the economy

Realism (Art/Literature)

a. a movement that aimed to depict contempory social realities and the lives of people realistically

b. it showed the lives of working class people

Kansas Exodus

a. a large scale migration of AA

b.happened following the civil war

Free Silver

a. a late 19th c. political movement advocaating for the unlimited coinage of the silver

b.people believed it would stimulate the economy

Social Darwinism

a. Charles Darwin’s concept of “survival of the fittest”

b. it was used to justify social inequalities

Laissez- Faire Econominc Doctrine

a. an economic doctrine advocating fot minimal gov. intervention in the market

b. it was prominent in the Gilded Age