AP2 - Ch. 23 Study Guide

List the structures of the upper respiratory system. List the structures of the lower respiratory system.

upper respiratory system: nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, and pharynx; lower respiratory system: larynx, trachea, bronchi and bronchioles, and alveoli

what kind of tissue is the lamina propria and what is its function?

areolar tissue that supports the respiratory epithelium

what is the function of the mucociliary escalator?

in the lower respiratory system, the cilia beat toward the pharynx, moving a carpet of mucus in that direction and cleaning the respiratory surfaces

what are nares? what is their function?

nostrils; air enters here

what is the function of nose hairs?

trap large airborne particles, such as sand, sawdust, or even insects, and prevents them from entering the nasal cavity

what are three benefits of turbulent airflow caused by air moving through the nasal conchae?

small airborne particles are likely to contact the mucus coating the nasal cavity, provides extra time for warming and humidifying incoming air, creates circular air currents that bring olfactory stimuli to the olfactory receptors

what is epistaxis?

a nosebleed

what is the common name for the pharynx? which two body systems share this structure?

throat; digestive and respiratory systems

what is the nasopharynx? where is it located?

superior portion of the pharynx

what is the oropharynx? where is it located?

extends between the soft palate and the base of the tongue at the level of the hyoid bone

what is the laryngopharynx? where is it located?

the inferior part of the pharynx

what is the glottis? what is the common name for glottis?

a slit-like opening between the vocal cords; voice box

what is the larynx?

a cartilaginous tube that surrounds and protects the glottis

name the three large, unpaired cartilages that form the larynx. what type of cartilage makes each?

thyroid cartilage: hyaline cartilage; cricoid cartilage: hyaline cartilage; epiglottis: elastic cartilage

which of the three large, unpaired cartilages that form the larynx is the “Adam’s apple”?

thyroid cartilage

what is the function of the epiglottis when swallowing?

prevents both liquids and solid foods from entering the respiratory tract

name the three paired smaller hyaline cartilages that are part of the larynx

arytenoid cartilage, corniculate cartilage, and cuneiform cartilage

what is a tracheostomy?

a tracheal incision to bypass an airway obstruction

what are vocal cords and what is their function?

vocal folds involved with sound production

what happens if food or liquid touches the vestibular folds or glottis?

triggers the coughing reflex

define laryngitis

an infection or inflammation of the larynx

what is the trachea? what is its common name?

a tough, flexible tube with a diameter of about 2.5 cm and a length of about 11 cm; windpipe

what is the function of the 15-20 tracheal cartilages?

stiffen the tracheal walls and protect the airway, also prevent it from collapsing or over expanding as pressure changes in the respiratory system

what is the importance of the tracheal cartilages being C-shaped?

protects the anterior and lateral surfaces of the trachea

what is a disadvantage of the right bronchus being larger in diameter and positioned at a steeper angle than the left bronchus?

most foreign objects that enter the trachea find their way into the right bronchus rather than the left

define bronchitis

the bronchi and bronchioles can become inflamed and constricted

what type of muscle wraps around respiratory bronchioles and functions to change the diameter of the airway?

smooth muscle

breathing is mediated by the autonomic nervous system. what occurs during parasympathetic control? what occurs during sympathetic control?

leads to bronchoconstriction, a reduction in the luminal diameter of the airway; leads to bronchodilation, the enlargement of the luminal diameter of the airway

excessive bronchoconstriction limits air flow to the lungs. what are two serious conditions that can close airways?

asthma and anaphylaxis

what type of tissue is present on alveolar exchange surfaces? what are the names of these cells?

simple squamous epithelium; type 1 pneumocytes, type 2 pneumocytes, and alveolar macrophages

what is the function of alveolar macrophages?

patrol the epithelial surface and engulf any particles that have eluded other defenses

what cells produce surfactant? what is the function of surfactant?

pneumocytes type 2; keeping the alveoli open

what process is used for gas exchange in alveoli?

diffusion

what is pneumonia? why is pneumonia dangerous?

develops from an infection or any particle that causes inflammation within the lung; as inflammation occurs, fluids leak into the alveoli

what type of pathogen is Pneumocystis jiroveci? what illness does the pathogen cause? what group of individuals have the greatest chance of contracting this illness?

fungus; pneumonia; individuals with AIDS

what are pleural cavities?

surround the left and right lungs

how many lobes is the right lung divided into? how many lobes is the left lung divided into?

3; 2

what is the cardiac notch? where is it located?

medial margin of the left lung is indented here

respiratory exchange surfaces of the lungs receive deoxygenated blood from which blood vessels?

pulmonary arteries

oxygen-rich blood from the lungs enters the heart using which blood vessels?

pulmonary veins

what enzyme is produced by alveolar endothelial cells? what is an important role this enzyme plays?

angiotensin-converting enzyme; regulating blood volume and blood pressure

what is a pulmonary embolism?

blocking a branch of a pulmonary artery stops blood flow to a group of lobules or alveoli

where is the parietal pleura located? where is the visceral pleura located?

covers the inner surface of the thoracic wall and extends over the diaphragm and mediastinum; covers the outer surfaces of the lungs, extending into the fissures between the lobes

what is pleural fluid and where is it located?

a moist, slippery coating located between the parietal and visceral surfaces

define pleurisy

pain and pleural inflammation

what is the difference between external and internal respiration?

external respiration: includes all of the processes involved in the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the body’s interstitial fluids and the external environment; internal respiration: the absorption of oxygen and the release of carbon dioxide by those cells

define hypoxia

a low tissue oxygen level

define anoxia

the oxygen supply is cut off completely

what is the relationship between pressure and air volume? what is the formula that expresses this relationship? what is this law called?

pressure is inversely proportional to volume; P = 1/V; Boyle’s law

name the two primary respiratory muscles

diaphragm and the external intercostals

describe the process of elastic rebound

when the muscles of inhalation reflex, these elastic components recoil, returning the diaphragm, the rib cage, or both to their original positions

what is intrapulmonary pressure?

the pressure inside the respiratory tract

what is intrapleural pressure?

the pressure in the pleural cavity

what does lung compliance measure?

expandability, or how easily the lungs expand in response to applied pressure

what is the difference between high and low lung compliance?

high lung compliance: the easier it is to fill the lungs, low lung compliance: the greater the force required to fill the lungs

define respiratory rate

the number of breaths taken each minute

define tidal volume

the amount of air moved into or out of the lungs during a single respiratory cycle

what can spirometer values help diagnose?

problems with pulmonary ventilation

define residual volume

the amount of air that remains in the lungs even after a maximal exhalation

define vital capacity

the maximum amount of air that can be moved into or out of the lungs in a single respiratory cycle

what is Dalton’s law?

each of the gases contributes to the total pressure in proportion to its relative abundance

what does the partial pressure of a gas mean?

the pressure contributed by a single gas in a mixture of gases

what is Henry’s law?

at a given temperature, the amount of a particular gas in solution is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas

what molecules bind to the iron ions in the center of heme units of hemoglobin?

oxygen

what is oxyhemoglobin?

formed when each hemoglobin molecule can bind four molecules of oxygen

what is the Bohr effect?

the effect of pH on the hemoglobin saturation curve

what is the difference between hemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen when comparing adult hemoglobin and fetal hemoglobin?

fetal hemoglobin has a much higher affinity for oxygen

name the ion and molecule in blood that transport carbon dioxide generated by aerobic respiraton

bicarbonate ions and carbon dioxide

involuntary control of respiration occurs in respiratory centers which consists of three pairs of nuclei located in which region of the medulla oblongata and pons?

reticular formation

which centers located in the pons regulate the depth and rate of respiration in response to sensory stimuli or input from other centers in the brain?

respiratory centers

what is the most common cause of increased arterial blood PCO2?

reduced alveolar ventilation

the inflation reflex that is part of the __ reflexes prevent overexpansion of the lungs during forced breathing.

Hering-Breuer

what is apnea?

a period in which respiration is suspended