Living Environment Regents Review

NY 2024

What are the steps to the scientific method?

Purpose/problem, research, hypothesis, experiment, analysis, conclusion

Independent variable

“If” part of hypothesis, what the scientist changes

Dependent variable

“then” part of hypothesis, depends on the independent variable

Nervous system

quick control, regulates all body processes

Endocrine system

hormones, works with nervous system for regulation

hormones

protein messengers

diabetes

body cannot properly synthesize insulin, causes high blood sugar levels

insulin

a protein that lowers blood sugar levels

circulatory system

transports nutrients and oxygen to cells and wastes away from them

respiratory system

function: gas exchange

Digestive system

breaks down food into smaller molecules so they can diffuse into cells

3 R GENTS

respiration, regulation, reproduction, growth, excretion, nutrition, transport, synthesis

metabolism

all chemical reactions that occur in an organism to make and use energy (3 R GENTS)

homeostasis

maintaining a constant internal condition, regardless of the external environment example: shivering or sweating

cellular respiration

produces ATP (energy) and occurs in the mitochondria

What are the three parts of the cell theory?

1. All organisms are composed of one or more cells.

2. The cell is the basic unit of structure and organization in organisms.

3. All cells come from pre-existing cells.

What are the exceptions to the cell theory?

1. Viruses are NOT living.

2. No one knows where the first cell came from.

3. Mitochondria and chloroplast have their own genetic material and can reproduce on their own but they are organelles not cells.

OCTOOSO (levels of organization)

organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

prokaryote

has no organelles example: bacteria cell

eukaryote

has organelles example: animal or plant cell

explain the function for all of these organelles

cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, ribosome, ER, golgi, vacuole, mitochondria, centriole, cell wall, chloroplast

how many um in one mm?

1mm = 1000um

passive transport (diffusion)

materials move through cell membrane from a region of high concentration to low concentration without energy (with the concentration gradient)

diffusion

movement of molecules from high to low concentration (passive transport)

dynamic equilibrium

is reached when molecules spread out evenly on either side of a membrane

osmosis

diffusion but just with water

synthesis/lysis

synthesis build things, lysis destroys

facilitated diffusion

carrier proteins form channels for diffusion of certain molecules, does not use energy, glucose needs to go through one of these protein channels

active transport

movement of molecules from a low concentration to a high concentration using energy (against the concentration gradient)

autotroph

makes its own food for energy

heterotroph

does not make its own food, needs to eat for energy

What does CHONP stand for?

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorous

atom

the smallest unit of matter. they have a nucleus (containing neutrons and protons) with electrons surrounding it

What is a compound?

the result of atoms of elements bonding together, bonds are formed when electrons from nearby atoms interact

ionic bond

electrons from one atom transfer to another atom

covalent bond

electrons are shared between neighboring atoms

organic/inorganic compound

organic compounds contain both carbon and hydrogen. inorganic compounds lack carbon and/or hydrogen (cho cho chon chonp are all organic compounds)

carbohydrates (cho)

made of simple sugars/glucose, shaped like a hexagon, quick energy, ends in ose

lipids (cho)

made of fatty acids or glycerol, shaped like an E with branches off of it, slow energy

proteins (chon)

made of folded chains of amino acids, the shape determines its function

nucleic acids (chonp)

made of molecular bases (ATGC) shaped like a house a pool and a hot tub, genetic information DNA and RNA

hot tub=phosphate, house=sugar, pool=base

how many elements are known today?

118

what are the names for the quantity of simple sugars?

monosaccharides- 1 simple sugar

disaccharides- 2 simple sugars

polysaccharides- multiple simple sugars

dehydration synthesis

water is removed to create a bond

hydrolysis

water is added to break bonds (digestion)

what is another word for proteins?

polypeptides

what are the terms used to say the quantity of amino acids?

dipeptide- 2 amino acids

polypeptide- long chain of amino acids

enzyme

biological catalyst, a protein, names end in ase (more on this in following flashcards)

active site

the location on an enzyme where the substrate attaches

substrate

thing that goes into an enzyme

how does an enzyme work?

a substrate fits into the enzyme’s active site like a puzzle piece

enzymes make either two substrates come together or one substrate come apart

they might do more things idk but note that cell receptors also work like this in regards to fitting like a puzzle piece

denatured enzyme

when the shape of the enzyme changes. this can happen due to temperature or pH changes. when the shape of an enzyme changes, the substrate no longer fits into the active site and the enzyme can’t do its job.

acidic/neutral/basic (pH)

acidic- 0-6

neutral- 7

basic- 8-14

activation energy

the energy needed to make the reaction happen, enzymes lower activation energy of a reaction

formula for photosynthesis

CO2 + water = glucose + O2

“COWS GO”

note: the equal sign is an enzyme

formula for respiration

glucose + O2 = CO2 + water + ATP

“GO COWS”

note: the equal sign is an enzyme

where is energy stored?

in the bonds

how do water and minerals enter plants?

through the roots

xylem and phloem

transport water and food through the plant

i think xylem transports the water and phloem transports the food but thats from google not the notes so im not completely sure

stomates

pores under a leaf which let gases in and out (gas exchange)

guard cells

specialized cells can open and close to regulate water loss

each guard cell contains a large vacuole which can fill with water to open the stomata. this same vacuole can empty its water, thus closing the stomata

how is energy released?

when chemical bonds are broken

what is the difference between aerobic and anerobic respiration?

aerobic respiration requires oxygen while anerobic does not (aerobic is just the classic “go cows” and produces much more ATP than anerobic, hence running out of breath)

how much ATP can be produced in aerobic respiration?

38

how much ATP can be produced in anerobic respiration?

2

another word for anerobic respiration

fermentation

buildup of lactic acid

causes muscle fatigue and anerobic respiration

image that shows anerobic and aerobic processes

Image

feedback mechanisms

the process by which a certain function is regulated by the amount of substance or stimulus

ecology

the study of interactions between organisms and how they relate to the physical environment

species

individual group, which can mate and produce fertile offspring

population

all the members of a species inhabiting a given location

community

all the interacting populations in a given area

ecosystem

the living and non living things in an environment; needs a source of energy; stable

competition

occurs when different species living in the same habitat use the same limited resources such as food, space, water, etc. and they have to compete for it

niche

a job or a role in the environment; the role an organism plays in a community

abiotic/biotic factors

abiotic= non living

biotic= living

symbiotic relationships

include different organisms living together in a close association

commensalism

species A: receives benefit

species B: not affected

mutualism

species A and B both receive benefit

parasitism

species A: receives benefit

species B: harmed

food chain

displays a one way relationship of energy flow in an ecosystem

food web

shows the interrelationship between food chains

Review the energy pyramid in the image

Note that more energy is at the producer level and that primary consumers are herbivores

ecological succession

the replacement of one community by another until a stable climax community is reached

pioneer organism

organism that is first to inhabit an area

climax community

a stable ecological community in which little change occurs

limiting factor

any abiotic/biotic factor that limits the size of a population

carrying capacity

how many organisms an ecosystem can hold

biodiversity

the total of all different species living in a given area

biodiversity=stability

phenotype

trait displayed from a gene

genotype

gene composition

gamete

sex cell made from meiosis and is haploid (n)

sperm and egg

somatic cell

body cell made from mitosis that is diploid (2n)

allele

a variety of a gene

heterozygous

two different alleles

dominant

the expressed allele

recessive

the expressed allele when no dominant allele is present

mutation

a change in a gene or chromosome

transcription

DNA to RNA