Lab 6-Bones of the lower limb and Joints

Articular Surface with Sacrum

Base of sacrum

ilium

Pubis

Ischium

pubic symphysis

posterior superior iliac spine

greater sciatic notch

iliac crest

anterior superior iliac spine

ischium

ischial tuberosity

Obturator foramen

acetabulum

Determining sex based on pelvis (male)

Heart shaped, 60 degrees, V shaped

determining sex based on pelvis (female)

Oval shaped, 90 degrees, U shaped

greater trochanter

Lesser trochanter

gluteal tuberosity

Lateral condyle

inferior to the epicondyle

Medial condyle

adductor tubercle

tibial tuberosity

anterior tibial crest

lateral malleolus

distal end of fibula

medial malleolus

distal process on medial tibial surface

posterior fontanel (joint)

Joint

sagittal suture

joint

coronal suture

joint

Anterior fontanel

Synarthroses

joints held together by fibroue connective tissue

Syndesmoses

bones are united by connective tissue bands
*allow very slight movement
*ex: distal tibia and fibula, interosseous membrane between radius and ulna

Synchondrosis

bones separated by hyaline cartilage
Permits slight bending in early life
ossify as time passes
Ex: epiphyseal plates and costal cartilages

what are bones separated by?

Cartilage in cartilaginous joints

Symphyses (Cartilaginous Joint)

bones are articulates by a disk of fibrocartilage and allow slight movement
Ex: pubic symphysis, intervertebral disks

What are synovial joints surrounded by?

Synovial membranes

Synovial joints

contain synovial membranes which secrete hyaluronic acid (slippery)
Reduces direct bone to bone contact, many have disks of fibrocartilage that help reduce stress on joint
Articular cartilage
Fibrous joint capsule

3 functional classes of synovial joints

•Monaxial : movement of a joint in only one direction
•Biaxial : movement of a joint in two directions
•Multiaxial : movement of joint in more than two direction

ligament

tendon

flexion

bringing two ventral surfaces closer together (except the knee)

Extension

opposite of flexion

dorsiflexion

bringing the toes toward the shin

plantar flexion

flexion of the toes

Abduction

movement of a limb away from the midline (note fingers)

adduction

movement of limb toward the midline

pronation

make the palm face posterior in AP

Supination

make the palm face anterior in ap

Circumduction

the distal end of a bone describes a circle while the proximal end stays staionary

inversion

turning sole of foot medially at the ankle

Eversion

turning sole of foot laterally at the ankle

protraction

moving the mandible or clavicle anteriorly

retraction

moving mandible or clavicle posteriorly

Elevation

movement in a superior direction

depression

movement in an inferior direction

Hinge joints

concave surface of one joint acceots the convex surface of another joint
*monaxial

Movements-mainly flexion and extension

Ex:elbow knee, phalangeal joints

Pivot joints

also monoaxial, a rounded process of one bone fits into a shallow depression in another bone and then rotates

Movements- pronation and supination

Ex:proximal radioulnar joint, atlantoaxial joint

Ellipsoidal joints

biaxial joints, an oval depression in one bone accepts an oval shaped condyle of another bone; movements-mainly flexion-extension, and a little adduction and abduction; Ex: metacarpals and phalanges

saddle joints

a convex surface which fits into a concavity, movements- medial/lateral, anterior/posterior, Ex: carpometacarpal joint of the first digit

Ball and Socket Joints

Multiaxial
movements-circumduction, flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation
Ex: shoulder joint, hip joint

Tendon of Quadricepts

patella

Patellar Ligament

Fibular collateral ligament

Lateral Meniscus

Posterior Cruciate ligament

Tibial Collateral Ligament (MCL)

Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL)

Medial Meniscus

Unhappy trio

MCL, ACL, Medial meniscus

coracohumeral ligament

glenohumeral ligament

What is the shoulder joint reinforced by?

4 rotator cuff tendons

Inferior dislocation

Clavicle collarbone

Acromioclavicular ligament

Radial collateral ligament

Anular ligament

Ulnar collateral damage

Articular capsule (temporomandibular joint)

Synovial membrane (temporomandibular joint)

articular disc (temporomandibular joint)