Studied by 2 people
What is the input stage?
The first stage of Information processing where the senses pick up information from the environment
What are the 5 parts of the receptor systems?
Sight
Auditory sense
Touch
Balance
Kinesthesis
What are the 2 external senses
Sight
Auditory sense
What are the 3 external senses?
Touch
Balance
Kinesthesis
Define Kinesthesis
The inner sense that gives information about body position and muscular tension
What does decision making mean?
The 2nd part of the information processing, where the performer uses all the information they have received from the receptor systems to make a decision
What is selective attention?
Filtering the information gathered through the sense to ensure only relevant information is used to make decision
How can selective attention be improved?
Increase the intensity of the stimulus
Train in a realistic environment e.g. with fans to help ignore them
Increased motivation through use of rewards and reinforcement
Use of mental practice
Benefits of selective attention
Significant improvements to reaction time
Increased chance of making a correct decision
What is perception?
The process of coding and interpreting sensory information
What are the 3 elements of Perception, known as the DCR process?
Detection
Comparison
recognition
What is the detection phase?
This means the performer has picked up the relevant information and identified it is important using selective attention
What is the comparison phase?
This involves the performer trying to match the information identified to information in the memory
What is the recognition phase?
This means the performer has used the information from the memory to identify the correct response
What are the Translatory mechanisms?
Adapting and comparing coded information to memory so that decisions can be made
How are actions stored in memory?
As motor programs
Draw/describe Whiting’s model of information processing
What are the 5 parts of the working memory
Central executive
Phonological loop
Visuospatial sketchpad
Episodic buffer
Long-term memory
Draw the working memeory
What is the role of the central executive?
The control centre of the working memory model, it uses 3 other systems to control all the information movig in and out of the memory system
What is the role of phonological loop?
Deals with auditory information from the senses and helps to produce memory trace
What is the role of the visuospatial sketchpad?
Used to temporarily store visual and spatial information
What is the role of the episodic buffer
Co-ordinates the sight, hearing and movement information from the working memory into sequences to be sent to the long-term memory
What is the long term memory?
Receives information from the working memory and has an unlimited capacity for the storage of motor programmes
Characteristics of the working memory
Initiates actions by sending the memory trace
Has a limited capacity of around 7 pieces of information
Only holds info for limited time of 30 seconds
Characteristics of the long term memory
Unlimited capacity
Important information is stored as a motor programme
Methods for effective memory storage
Rewards -intrinsic and extrinsic
Association of actions you wish to learn with appropriate actions or emotions already stored in the memory
The use of mental practice
Breaking the task down into parts
Ensure performer is focused
Repetition
Use of chaining
What is Schmidt’s schema theory?
Rather than using a structured set of movements to develop skills, the core principles can be taken from an existing motor programme and adapted, using information from environment and senses
What are the 4 parameters of Schmidt’s schema theory?
Initial conditions
Response specifications
Sensory consequences
Response outcome
What are the recall schema?
Initiates movement, comes before the action involves The first 2 parameters-initial conditions and Response specifications
What are the recognition schema?
Controls the movement, happen during the action involves the last 2 parameters-Sensory consequences and response outcome
What is the parameter of initial conditions
The information from the environment which must be recognised before the schema can be used
What is the parameter Response specifications?
The information from the environment being used to asses the available options for the performer
What is the parameter Sensory consequences?
The use of senses to receive information about the feel of the movement
What is the parameter Response outcome?
The schema and motor programme can be updated based off of the knowledge of the result of the action
Implications for the coach when using schema theory
Decision to use varied practice to encourage use of schema
Offer frequent feedback to players to allow them to adjust motor programmes
Point out and explain when a schema can be used
Praise successful use of schema
Define response time
the time taken from the onset of the stimulus to the completion of the task
Response time=reaction time+movement time
Define movement time
Time taken to complete the task
Define reaction time
The time taken from the onset of the stimulus to the onset of the response
Define, with a sporting example, a simple reaction time?
When there is only one response to the one stimulus-e.g. when the starter fires the gun at the start of the 100M sprint
Define, with a sporting example, what is choice reaction time
Where there is one response to multiple stimuli or there is multiple responses required-e.g. A midfielder in hockey would have lots of decisions to make in quick succession
What is Hicks’s law?
Reaction time increases as the number of choices increases
What is the single-channel hypothesis?
The hypothesis states that only one stimuli can be processed at a time
What is the psychological refractory period?
A delay when a second stimulus is presented before the first stimulus has been processed
What is temporal anticipation?
Pre-judging when the stimuli is going to take place
What is spatial anticipation?
Pre-judging where and what the stimuli are going to be
What are techniques to improve response time
Mental practice
Train to react to specific stimulus expected in the game
Performer can learn to concentrate and focus in game so that the stimulus is picked up early
Improving fitness improves reaction times
Note
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