Chapter_15_Nutrition_and_Metabolism_rm_TDRM

Nutrition

An applied science that studies food, water, and other nutrients and the ways living organisms use them.

Macronutrients

Substances needed by the body in relatively large amounts, such as carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins.

Micronutrients

Substances needed by the body only in small amounts, such as vitamins and minerals.

Metabolism

The sum of all reactions occurring in an organism.

Anabolism

All reactions involved in the synthesis of biomolecules.

Catabolism

All reactions involved in the breakdown of biomolecules.

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

The primary energy currency of cells.

Glycolysis

A series of ten reactions converting one molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate.

Glycogenesis

The synthesis of glycogen from glucose.

Glycogenolysis

The breakdown of glycogen to glucose.

Gluconeogenesis

The synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrate molecules.

Ketone bodies

Three substances produced by the liver during prolonged fasting or low glucose availability: acetoacetate, β-hydroxybutyrate, and acetone.

Ketonemia

An elevated level of ketone bodies in the blood.

Ketonuria

The presence of ketone bodies in the urine.

Ketoacidosis

A condition characterized by increased ketone bodies in the blood, leading to a decrease in blood pH.

Essential amino acids

Amino acids that cannot be synthesized within the body and must be obtained from the diet.

Nonessential amino acids

Amino acids that can be synthesized within the body in adequate amounts.

Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle)

A series of eight reactions in which acetyl CoA is oxidized to carbon dioxide, and reduced coenzymes NADH and FADH2 are produced.

Oxidative phosphorylation

A process that uses the electron transport chain linked with chemiosmosis to form ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate.

Chyme

Partially digested food mixed with stomach secretions that enters the small intestine.

Micronutrients

Vitamins and minerals needed in small amounts for various body functions.