quarter 4 peeps

1815

Waterloo

Battle of Waterloo

* Nap escaped from exile on island of Elba and returned to France
* reclaimed power in what is known as the 100 Days
* coalition of European forces led by Duke of Wellington of Britain and General Gebhard Leberecht von Blucher of Prussia
* marked Nap’s final defeat and end of his rule

1819

Carlsbad Decrees

Carlsbad Decrees

* 1819
* in response to growing political unrest and liberal ideas after Napoleonic era
* suppress liberal and nationalist movements, control universities, limit freedom of speech and press
* liberal and nationalist movements seen as threat to established order and conservative rulers
* contributed to period of political repression in German Confederation
* censorship

Duchamp

* french art troll
* mona lisa with mustache
* urinal with r. mutt on it

1848

Year of Revolutions

Communist Manifesto

Gaugin

* French
* post-Impressionist
* scenes from everyday life, landscapes, portraits
* Romantic idea → him = God
* vibrant colors and simplified forms
* emotions > realistic representation

Duchamp

* French
* art troll
* mustache on Mona Lisa and urinal with R. Mutt written on it

mondrian

* dutch/german
* pioneer of abstract art
* geometric shapes, straight lines, primary colors
* square dude
* PURE, ESSENCE ART

Dali

* spanish
* crazy?
* asked for exorcisms multiple times
* best and most iconic surrealist
* had an ocelot

Kant

* German/Prussian
* “Hermit of Konigsberg”
* same schedule every day
* consistent philosophy
* Critique of Pure Reason
* Copernican Revolution in philosophy
* founder of modern philosophy of art
* main question: how do objects conform to our mind?

Luther

* German
* former monk
* started Prot Reformation w/ 95 Theses
* overscrupulous
* people are worthless

Calvin

* French
* ruler of Geneva
* Calvinism
* became lawyer super young, then quits and has intense inner conversion
* becomes reformed priest
* Institutes of the Christian Religion

Machiavelli

* Italian
* wrote The Prince: manual for those who have just taken over a city

St. Thomas More

* English
* martyr
* lawyer, judge, politician and statesman
* Humanist
* Lord High Chancellor
* Utopia

Henry VIII

* English
* 6 wives (divorced, beheaded, died. divorced, beheaded, survived)
* married Catherine of Aragon

Isabella of Spain

* Spanish
* effective girl boss
* made Spanish economy really good

Charles V

* Spanish
* grandson of Isabella
* Holy Roman Emperor
* deals with Prots and New World, fights with France and Ottoman Turks
* abdicated from throne. new HRE was Ferdinand II. Dutch land went to Philip II, his son.

Nicolaus Copernicus

* Polish
* simplified the math
* first major Heliocentrism dude
* burnt at stake for heresy

Pascal

* French
* math wiz
* invents probability math
* makes first calculator
* pascals triangle
* left/right brain
* Mr. Ghandhi’s man crush

Descartes

* French
* loves math
* hates philosophy
* doubts everything
* cogito ergo sum: I think therefore I am

Hobbes

* English


* believed state of nature = war
* we should give up freedom in a social contract to the government to keep everything orderly
* Leviathan
* life is Solitary, Poor, Nasty, brutish, short

Leibniz

* German
* smartest person ever?
* wanted to reconcile medieval and modern thought
* a lot of hair
* good at everything

Newton

* English
* natural philosopher
* discovered calculus and made formula for gravity
* very, extremely focused

Voltaire

* French
* philosophe
* Father of philosophes
* Mr. Enlightenment
* freedom of speech, religious tolerance, get rid of superstition
* now is better and cooler; old history worthless
* hated democracy
* wrote Candide, a book satirizing Leibniz through a character

Hume

* Scottish/English
* Wrote about ethics
* Prophet of practicality
* Hume’s Fork: every statement is either a matter of fact (dependent, contradictable) or relation of ideas (certain, universal, no giving any new info)
* Society does not equal government
* 1st and last Empiricist
* Bad and good cop side
* Destroy reason tm
* Follow Isaac Newton

Rousseau

* Swiss/Genevan
* prodigal son of philosophes
* all his friends hated him
* ideologies influence French Rev
* discourse on arts and sciences with Diderot
* more advanced = worse people
* state of nature
* general will: voice of people always correct
* social contract: state of society > state of nature bc man more free

Schiller

* German
* philosophe
* The Robbers
* defined German culture
* beauty = freedom in appearance
* grace = beauty of form under freedom’s influence
* sublimity = beauty overcoming lack of freedom
* Letters on an Aesthetic Education

Goethe

* German
* poet, writer, philosopher
* romantic
* Faust, The Sorrows of Young Werther, Theory of Colors, Metamorphosis of Plants, Der Erlkonig

Robespierre

* French
* Jacobin
* executed by people bc he was crazy
* French Revolution leader

Edmund Burke

* Irish
* most significant English politician
* went to Samuel Johnson’s dinner parties
* father of conservatism

Bach

* German
* master of Baroque music
* organ music, concertos, chamber music
* technical complexity
* profound musical expression

Beethoven

* Austrian
* expressive, dramatic, power off the charts
* 9 symphonies
* started losing hearing which influenced later music
* DRAMATICCCCC

Mozart

* Austrian
* Catholic
* magical melodies, subtle emotion
* wizard of emotions
* mom’s death seriously affected his music

Fichte

* German
* idealist
* ethics/morality
* participating in god-hood through free will
* starts with ego
* pure, transcendent, unthinkable selfness: basis of all reality

Schelling

* German
* idealist
* **beauty** and art
* nature is spirit
* reality is the patterned artistic image of God
* perfect art: act of self-reflection creating an image

Hegel

* German
* truth!
* idealist
* logic at center of reality
* Theory of the Dialectic: movement of logic. technique where logic overcomes opposites
* art= symbolic religion = explicit philosophy → follow dialectic
* infinite god → finite consciousness in order to evolve to understand itself

Schopenhauer

* German existentialist
* hated Hegel
* atheistic metaphysician
* unique question: why does life stink?
* The World as Will and Representation
* the world is my representation
* essence of reality is willing
* solution: don’t strive!
* Music is an exact depiction of unending striving.

Soren Kierkegaard

* Danish
* unique question: now that world is messed up, is good Christianity possible?
* The Leap of Faith
* Three stages: aesthetic, ethical, religious
* 1: self-centered, despairing
* 2: learned how, but not become. right > desires
* 3: knight of truth. unique and personal relationship with God

Nietzsche

* German
* unique question: what is going to happen to us in the future since we no longer believe in God anymore?
* “God is dead, and we have killed him.”
* abcesses in his brain
* make a new set of arbitary values
* new saints = Ubermensch
* likes Wagner
* NOT a nihilist
* Christianity = anti-life, anti-world

Comte

* French
* three states: theological-fictitious, metaphysical abstract, scientific positivism
* problem with Christianity: every single time we believe in God, makes us selfish and ignore common good
* cult creator
* thought the Jesuits were with him but was rejected big time :)

Napoleon

* bureaucratic genius
* one of the three consuls of France
* French/Corsican
* PIERCING. GRAY. EYES.
* had rlly good memory

1802

* Treaty of Amiens
* peace and food
* Napoleon elected consul for life

Battle of Marengo

Austrians winning but Napoleon holds the line for hours and wins!

Siege of Toulan

in 2 weeks, Nap defeats Sardinians. only 6,000 of his troops killed. 25,000 surrendered.

Siege of Mantua

* 1796-1797
* occupied by Austrians
* 1st wave: Nap maneuvers and wins
* 2nd wave: Great Reconnaissance, nobody lost
* 3rd wave: 3,000 men left to beseige. Nap and majority of troops outflank Austrians and demolish them
* 4th wave: crushes 30,000 (split into 4 armies) one by one

The Russian Campaign

1811. Nap crosses Nieman River

March to Vilnius

* Kutuzov: super hardcore Russian general who killed a lot of people
* light skirmishes
* 5,000 French horses dead

Bismarck

* Prussian
* prime minister of Prussia
* “Blood and Iron” speech
* fought a lot of wars and won them all, giving Germany a lot of land
* made Germany the new superpower
* first welfare state
* master of false flag operation
* unifed Germany

Garibaldi

* Italian
* v cool revolutionary man
* revolutions led to united Italy in 1861
* got exiled to South America
* President Lincoln wanted his help for Civil War

Freud

* German
* first psychoanalyst (psychology of unconscious mind)
* someone published his journal that had his stuff abt his crush on his mom
* Freudian Slip: unintentional error revealing your subconscious feelings

Jung

* Swiss/German
* student of Freud
* thought religion was way more important than Freud did
* pyschiatrist
* collective vs personal unconscious
* Christ = perfect example of sun-hero, and since society has decided that God is dead, we have lost symbol of self and mental decay will happen

Darwin

* British/English
* not the first one to publish an evolution theory, but since his theory said nothing abt God, he was the champion of non-scientist atheists
* natural selection: causes species diversity, strongest of species will survive and will have epic offspring

Marx

* German
* history is just classes fighting each other: bourgeoisie vs. proletariat
* Labor is only source of value.
* Factory owners are THIEVES because the real laborers are the factory *workers*.
* Rich people suck and we need to kill them all. Now.  

Adam Smith

* Scottish
* Rich peoples’ favorite person! The Father of Capitalism himself!
* Self interest is the foundation upon which we should base our economy-> don’t mean to do good for each other, but it helps us: selling people watermelons gives them watermelons, yes of course, but it also gives you *money.* 

Delacroix

* best French painter at this time
* Romanticsm
* Gericault’s closest friend
* color, proto-Impressionist, blurred lines
* painted the Middle East, Chopin

Constable

* English
* landscape (only painted one district)
* best clouds

Manet

* French
* unwitting revolutionary
* eliminates depth but lot of character
* key figure in transition from Realism to Impressionism
* loose brushwork and bold compositions

Turner

* best English painter of all time
* Impressionist, explosions of light
* trained in watercolors but painted with oils using watercolor techniques

Caspar David Friedrich

* German
* purple orange skies
* clouds, trees, still quietness, dramatic natural elements

Church

* American
* best Hudson River School artist

Homer Winslow

* most iconic American painter
* uses white of paper as light
* fresh, bright, Mark Twain like scenes

Cezanne

* French
* almost no talent
* thinks a lot abt painting
* only painted landscapes, still lifes, and nudes
* realistic art with Impressionism

Monet

* French
* light is subject
* “Morning Sun Impression”
* inspires Impressionism

Mondrian

* Dutch/German
* pioneers of abstract art
* geometric shapes, straight lines, primary colors
* square dude
* first drew landscapes but then fell in love with abstract

Van Gogh

* Dutch
* holy colors

Kandinsky

* Russian
* synesthetes (heard music in colors)
* paintings had wild colors bc he was making symphonies

Picasso

* Spanish
* pastoral landscape
* Impressionist
* Mr. Modern
* destroy style!

Dali

* Spanish
* crazy weirdo
* asked for exorcisms multiple times
* best and most iconic Surrealist
* had an ocelot

Pollock

* American
* just throws paint at canvas
* got famous by chance. art critic said his art was cool bc he was in feud with other critic

Whistler

* American
* art for art’s sake
* primacy of form
* did not paint in America
* pieces named after music arrangement and colors

Sargent

* American
* greatest female portrait painter

Schubert

* German
* Catholic
* wrote famous funeral Ave Maria
* Mr. Ghandhi’s fourth fave composer
* lyrical melodies, harmonic richness, emotional depth
* classical & romantic
* GREATEST MELODY

Brahms

* German
* complex, haunted, depth-emotional, technical
* end of the beginning?
* student of Schumann

Schumann

* romantic, psychological, sweet, emotional
* virtuoso pianist but messed up hands with gizmo thingy
* crazy? hears angels singing in asylum and writes ghost variations
* had the HOTTEST wife (clara)

Wagner

* German
* movie music
* extremely emotional language
* nationalistic
* Nazi
* ring cycle: operas
* inspired Tristan chord (discordant)

Mendelssohn

* German
* didn’t improve after 17
* swift, flowing (cowboy saloon)
* 10 y/o prodigy

Tchaikovsky

* first legendary Russian composer
* greatest ballet music composer
* operas
* extremely emotional
* gay but married with kids
* suicide
* Swan Lake, Nutcracker

Rachmaninoff

* Russian
* best cello sonata
* long fingers
* likes bells and Dies Irae

Shostakovich

* Russian
* TOTAL HORROR
* best 20th century
* broke the curse and wrote 15 symphonies

Dvorak

* Czech Catholic
* genius at incorporating folk melodies
* American stuff?

Chopin

* Polish but performed a lot in France
* NOCTURNES
* hesitation, flourish
* piano revolutionary

Sibelius

* Finnish
* 7 different AMAZING symphonies
* finnish folk tale
* sets scene/movie

Elgar

* best English composer?
* Catholic
* mournful melodies

metternich

* Austrian
* “balance of powers”
* attempt by conservatives to maintain old status quo (monarchs and the Church)
* prevent super nationalistic on democratic ideas
* Carlsbad Decrees

Year of Revolutions

* period of widespread social and political unrest characterized by demands for political freedoms, constitutional reforms, and national unity.


* Nationalistic (all Europe)
* Goals: Get rid of old oppressive institutions, established democracy 
* Many starving poor people

1848

Communist Manifesto published

1853-1856

Crimean War

Crimean War

* 1853-1856
* Catholic (Nap III) vs Eastern Orthodox (Nicholas II) rights
* Battle of Balaclava
* allies try to get Russian naval base
* miscommunication results in big suicide
* inspires “The Charge of the Light Brigade” by Tennyson
* Russia needs to get stronger and become first world power!

1858

* Origin of the Species
* Das Kapital
* Tristan und Isolde

Origin of the Species

* 1858
* Darwin’s theory of evolution thru natural selection
* revolutionized field of biology
* profound implications for our understanding of the diversity of life on Earth

Das Kapital

* first volume completed and published during Marx's lifetime.
* later volumes edited and published posthumously by Friedrich Engels, Marx's collaborator
* Labor Theory of Value: value of a commodity is determined by the socially necessary labor time required to produce it.


* Exploitation and Surplus Value: examines the capitalist system's inherent exploitation of labor (from which the caps make moolah).
* Capitalist Accumulation and Crisis: Economic crises and class struggles.
* Alienation: alienation of workers under capitalism (dehumanizing effects of cap on workers)

Tristan und Isolde

* Composed by Richard Wagner, one of the most influential figures in 19th-century music.
* Passionate and profound portrayal of love
* exploration of themes: yearning for transcendence and clash between societal expectations and individual desires

1858

early romantic to late romantic

1861

unification of italy

Kingdom of Italy

* unified in 1861
* several states and regions on Italian peninsula into monarchy
* led by Giuseppe Garibaldi

1871

German unification

german unification

* 1871
* spearheaded by kingdom of prussia under chancellor otto von bismarck
* decisive event was Franco-Prussian war (Prussian victory)

1811

russian campaign. nap crosses nieman

what region is this and what is its role in history?

* Alsace-Lorraine region of France
* region lost by France to Prussia in Franco-Prussian war