History Midterm

Study you Batches of Burnt Cookies.

Anti-Semitism -

Discrimination or hostility often directed at Jews.

Nuremberg Trials -

Allies charge a number of Nazi leaders with crimes against peace, and war crimes.

Concentration camp -

first one Bachale. Used to punish any Nazi who went up against Hilters, Also used later to punish Jews.

Gestapo -

run by Heydrich. German secret police.

Holocaust -

the state sponsored, systematic persecution and annihilation of European Jews by Nazis.

Untermenschen -

Sub humans who were also standing in the Aryans way. / word used by Nazi racial ideology to describe '' inferior people''

Death camp -

built to kill the undesirable. Quick and easy.

Judenrates -

24 Jewish men that are chosen to carry out the letter of all the orders given to the Judenrates. Gather men for work and had to get thousands of men to help with construction.

Nuremberg Laws -

removal of German citizenship if you were a Jew. / racist laws against Jews. Marriage between German + Jew = Illegal

Sonderkommandos -

group of Jews that cleaned and got the gas chamber ready for the next gasing. Threaten to die if they didn't clean the gas chambers. Took the bodies to crematormantions.

Partisans -

members of an armed group formed to fight secretly against other forces. Fought against the Nazi's

Schutzstaffel -

SS Hilter's bodyguard unit. Commanded by Himmler.

Kristallnacht -

sidewalks covered in CRYSTAL GLASS. the riots that Heydrich came up with. Burned buildings down as long as there wasn't any German building near. Attack against Jewish homes, businesses, and synagogues.

Heer -

German Army killed many POWS on the eastern front.

Joseph Goebbels -

Minister of Propaganda.

Wannsee Conference -

Hagen calls this meeting for the final answer of what to do with all the Jews. 15 men came up with the answer. Genocide.

Denmark -

still ran the country which kept the Jews safer. Until 1943 when the Nazis demanded deportation of the Jews.

Einsatzgruppen -

Killing Squads. Killed anyone that they could get their hands on. Dug holes had people line up, would shoot them in the back of the head and let the body fall in the hole.

Croatia -

Ustasha government built their own concentration camp. Kills 2/3s of their Jews.

Death Marches -

SS chief Himlick Himlur said all camps had to be evacuated so the Allies didn't know what was going on but they didn't have enough time to evacuate one found by the Allies. Killed anyone who was sick, weak, or couldn't get on or off a train or boat.

Jewish Law -

hundreds of laws, decrees, guidelines, and regulations increasingly restricted the civil and human rights of Jews in Germany.

Zyklon B -

cyanide based which killed everyone who breathed it in.

Zegota -

A code name for the Polish Council to Aid Jews, an underground organization of Polish resistance in German-occupied Poland.

Ghetto -

self-contained areas surrounded by fences, walls, and arm guards. Many Jews confined in this small place caused many diseases to arise. The Jews were barely fed and not taken care of.

Huguenots -

A French Protestant of the 16th - 17th centuries helped Jews.

Genocide -

the dilabrate dystruction of an entire enthinic or culture group.

George C. Marshall -

Top General. Every other general answered to him. Told Roosvelt to beef up the military in case of war. From Uniontown PA. U.S. Army of chief staff.

Operation Husky -

the invasion of Sicily. British force led by Montgomery and American forces led by Patton. Two generals tried to be better than each other.

Operation Cobra -

The allied plan to use BlitzKrieg to break a hole in the German defense.

Dwight D. Eisenhower (ike) -

leads operation torch. Is chosen to be the Supreme Allied commander. Graduated from West Point in 1915.

Adolph Hitler -

Commits Suicide. Dictator of Nazi Germany

Battle of the Atlantic -

Struggle between Allies and German forces for control of the Atlantic shipping lanes. Longest battle of WWII.

Operation Shingle -

Allied amphibious landing. Hoping to pull troops away from the Gusta line. Allies trapped on the beaches of Anzio.

Sir Bernard Montgomery -

led the British force during operation Husky. Lost to Patton

Henry J. Kaiser -

Built the Liberty ships

Point Du Hoc -

in between beaches Utah and Omaha. Has a lot of guns that can fire upon both Utah and Omaha. Is very little beach. 100 foot cliffs.

Operation Overlord -

Allied invasion of western Europe from Britain into France. Begins June 6 a little after midnight.a whole bunch of troops and equipment start to attack Normandy. British paratroopers are dropped behind the defense lines to try to prevent German soldiers from crossing the bridges and getting to the beaches. Success

Battle of the Bulge -

Germans launch a counter attack in Belgium and Luxembourg. Surprise attack in the Ardennes forest. Pushing the first army back creates a bulge in the Americans defensive line. Failure.

Benito Mussolini -

arrested by King Victor Emmaul and sent to a top secret jail. Germans free him. Hilter made him the head of the Italian Socialist Republic. Murdered and beaten by Italian Partisans.

Selective Training & Service Act -

an act passed by congress that ensured all men between the ages of 21 and 45 would have to register for the draft.

Operation Barbarossa -

Hilter's plans to take over the farm lands of Ukraine, which was a part of the Soviet Union at the time.

Bastogne -

U.S 1st Army retreat creating a bulge in the defensive lines, German goal is to capture allied supplies in Antwerp, Americans hold out in Bastogne which ruins the German time tables, all 7 of the roads that make it possible to get through the Ardennes forest meet at Bastogne.

George Patton -

led the American force in Operation Husky. Had to protect Montgomery's flank. Took over Palermo when he wasn't supposed to. Competed with Montgomery. Wins race

Stalingrad -

Hilter wants to take over. Has the Volga River which is where the Soviets get their supplies from.

Operation Torch -

Allied invasion of French North Africa( Algeria and Morocco) Led by General Eisenhower. Has 3 landing zones ( Casablanca, Oran, and Algiers) dropped fliers to warn the people.

Ohrdruf -

First concentration camp taken by the allies. (Full of jews)

Pietro Badoglio -

new leader of Italy. Secretly talks to the allies about surrendering Italy.

Hamburg -

was firebombed. Horrific. 50,000 died.

Operation Mincemeat -

plan to fool the germans to hide the invasion of Sicily. Made the Germans think we were going after Sardinia and Greece.

Carpet-bombing -

All aircraft start on one side of the city and continuously drop bombs until they reach the other side.

Norman Rockwell -

most famous artist of the time. Hired to paint the four freedoms which were eventually hung around for the people to see.

Herschel Grynszpan -

A German Jew living in Paris. Shoots the secretary, Ernst Vom Rath. Allows Nazis to take advantage.

Simon Wiesenthal -

Holocaust survivor, directed his life to raise awareness of the holocaust. Nazi hunter

Brownshirts -

Hitler's protection crew; stormtroopers (thieves, criminals, etc.)

Hans Frank -

Governor General of Poland. Was responsible for deportation and murder of Pollocks and Polish Jews.

Heinrich Himmler -

Came up with the ''Final solution'' . wanted to form an alliance with the western allies. Committed suicide. Leader of SS

Totalitarian -

dominate every aspect of life; use terror to suppress individual rights and silence ALL opposition

Hermann Goering -

very close with Hilter. Tried to name himself fuhrer. Surrendered to the americans. Sentenced to hanging. Head of the Luftwaffe. Killed himself before execution.

Reinhard Heydrich -

Deputy chief of the SS, puts together the riots against the Jewish and goes through with them.

Dietrich Bonhoeffer -

catholic pastor who was against the holocaust. Tried to assassinate Hilter. Taken to a concentration camp and murdered.

Purges -

series of purges; trials that the public watches; everyone knows the result; process of removing enemies or undesirable individuals from power; arrested people, sent people to the gulags, and murdered

Blackshirts -

fascist thugs who followed Mussolini around; criminals, war veterans, thieves; used violence, terror, and murder against those who speak out against the fascist party

Albert Einstein -

A Jew who escaped from Germany to the US. Won the Nobel Prize for physics.

Oskar Schindler -

protected the Jewish from the Nazis, saved many lives by hiring Jews to work for him in his factory.

Puppet state -

Supposedly independent country under the control of a powerful neighbor.

Sudetenland -

Area in Czechoslovakia that was taken away from Germany and given to Czechoslovakia during WW1. The Sudetenland was desired by Germany not only for its territory but also because a majority of its population were 'ethnically' German

Henry Kissinger -

the former national security advisor and secretary of state. A Holocaust survivor. Won a Nobel Prize.

Joseph Goebbels -

Minister of Propaganda

War Production Board -

directs the converse of peacetime Industries into industries that produce war goods.

Cash and carry

• to sell military supplies and other goods to belligerent nations during WWII if they paid cash and transported the goods on their ships

Ernst vom Rath -

The secretary that was shot by Grynszpan.

Mordecai Anielewicz -

Leader of Jewish resistance in Warsaw ghetto. In his 20's.

Office of War Information -

Hired artists, authors, and add executives, work with publishers, advertisement agencies, and radio stations.

Neutrality Acts -

1. No weapons to the nation at war ; 2. No loans to nations at war ; 3. Cash and Carry

Adolf Eichmann -

Sinor(Senior?) SS officer in charge of handling, deportation, and transportation of Jews. Captured by Israelii service and was hanged.

Raoul Wallenburg -

Swedish diplomat. Saved more than 700,00 Jews. Worked with neutral nations and the Vatican to do this.

Adolf Hitler -

Leader of the Nazis. Dictator of Germany. Coward.

Appeasement -

Giving into a competitor's demands to keep the peace. Neville Chamberlain thought giving Hitler what we wanted was a bright idea.

Tripartite Pact -

Said Axis powers were now Germany, Italy, and Japan.

Francisco Franco -

Dictator of Spain

Hideki Tojo -

The Prime Minister of Japan. Was against the U.S. and Wanted WW2 to occur.

Dunkirk -

During Operation Dynamo civilians were asked to give their boats to soldiers located in Dunkirk as the German army was assaulting the soldiers.

Battle of Britain -

battle between Germany and GB; Hilter launches the greatest air assault the world has ever seen; goal is to take out the British air force; then they can launch Operation Sea Lion; thousands of planes bombed Great Britain each day; Hitler changes his battle tactics; seen now as a huge mistake; GB works hard to stay in the fight and Hitler suffers his first loss of World War 2

Chuichi Nagumo -

in charge of the fleet in Hiroshima. Also an Admiral who was set to command the attack on Pearl Harbor.

Winston Churchill -

leads an amazing life; escapes from a POW camp and returns back to his unit; story spreads and he becomes a national hero; becomes First Lord of the Admiralty and helped Britain continue their naval dominance; Navy loved him; takes the blame for an incident and is removed from his position; when war starts to break out again parliament wants him back; after Chamberlain resigns in disgrace, Churchill become the prime minister of Great Britain

USS Arizona -

perfectly placed bomb that went right into the room with all the ammunition; caused an explosion; 1,177 of 1,512 were killed

Axis Powers -

Mussolini said it creates an Axis between Germany and Italy; signed alliance

Mao Zedong -

leader of the Chinese communists; suffered very few losses; put himself in a position to be stronger

Neville Chamberlain -

prime minister of England; only wanted PEACE; afraid of war; resigned when WWII broke out; "Peace at any price"

Gulags -

Northern Russia & Siberia; sends people to this place; horrible conditions; almost impossible to survive

Anschluss -

a political union; bringing Austria & Germany together as one

Joseph Stalin -

Dictator of the Soviet Union; takes over after Vladimir Lenon dies; cruel; freak who kills anyone who poses a threat to his power

Benito Mussolini -

spoke out because of the unfairness of the Treaty of Versailles; rose to power by gaining followers; had black shirts who protected him; used violence and terror; king felt threatened, so he named Mussolini as the prime minister

Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere -

Expands as far north as Manchuria and as far south as the Dutch East Indies

Mein Kampf -

Hitler's autobiography; wrote while he was in jail; had all of his plans; means "main struggles"

Lend-Lease Act -

authorized the president to aid any nation whose defense he believed was vital to American security; vague & left open to interpretation

Isoroku Yamamoto-

leader of the Japanese navy; assigned to plan the attack on the United States; sees the attack at Pearl Harbor as the only chance the Japanese have to defeat the US; not a radical spoke out (lone voice); loyal, however, to his emperor

Poland -

Hitler wants Poland; Germany invades; WWII starts on September 1, 1939; surrender in less than a month on September 27 before France and Great Britain can get there

Pearl Harbor -

December 7, 1941; Japan surprise attacks the U.S, plan to destroy the Pacific Fleet

Lebensraum -

related to Hitler's plans of expanding east; meant "living space"