Gonadal, Pancreatic, Elisa, and Drug Testing.

Peripheral Tissues

What reduces testosterone to dihydrotestosterone?

Sex-hormone-binding globulin, Corticosteroid- binding globulin, Albumin.

What are the three major transport protein?

SHBG (sex-hormone-binding globulin)

Transports androgens and estrogens?

CBG (corticosteroid-binding globulin)

Delivers progesterone and glucocorticoids?

1 - 2 %

About how many percent of sex steroids are unbound?

Free Fraction

Can diffuse into the vascular system and interact with target cells.

Testosterone

Principal androgen hormone in the blood, most potent male androgen.

Leydig Cells

Testosterone is synthesized by __________ of the testis of male, also derived from progesterone

FSH and LH

Testosterone is controlled by two hormones named?

True

(True or false) There is a gradual decrease in testosterone after 30

Semen Analysis, Testosterone, FSH and LH

three tests of infertility?

50 %

How many % is the Albumin in testosterone

45 %

How many % is the SHBG in Testosterone?

Pretesticular Infertility (Secondary Hypogonadism)

Due to hypothalamic or pituitary lesion = Decreased levels of testosterone, FSH and LH.

Testicular Infertility (Primary hypogonadism)

Deficiency acquired = varicocele, tumor, orchitis.

Post Testicular Infertility

due to disorders of sperm transport and function.

Testicular feminization syndrome

Most severe form of androgen resistance syndrome, resulting in lack of testosterone action in the target tissue. = normal testosterone, Elevated FSH and LH

Sertoli Cell-only Syndrome

Lack of germ cells, Lack of production of sperm cells (azoospermia)

Testicular Biopsy

Diagnostic Test of Sertoli cell only syndrome?

Kallman’s Syndrome

Inherited x linked recessive trait, Hypogonadism during puberty, Associated defects = Anosmia, Midline defects.

DHEA (dehydroepiandrosterone)

A.k.a Weak Androgen, principal androgen formed by adrenal cortex, androgen primarily derived from andrenal glands.

Breast development, Maturation of genitalia, Deposition of body fat and terminal linear growth.

Four functions of estrogen?

Estrogen

Not produced by ovaries after menopause?

Estrone, E2 (Estradiol), E3 (Estriol).

What are the three forms of Estrogen?

Estrone

Most abundant estrogen in postmenopausal women?

E2 (Estradiol)

Most potent estrogen, Major estrogen, precursor of E1 and E3, Transports 60% albumin and 38% SHBG.

E3 (Estriol)

Metabolite of estradiol, found in maternal urine, secreted by placenta during pregnancy, used to assess fetoplacental unit, marker for “Down Syndrome”

Plasma

preferred specimen for E3 (Estriol) ?

Progesterone

produced mainly by Lutein Cells (granulose) of corpus luteum, prime Secretory duct of the ovary, DOMINANT HORMONE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE LUTEAL PHASE CYCLE AMONG FEMALES.

Menstruation, Follicular Phase, Ovulation, Luteal Phase.

Four phases of menstruation?

HCG (Human Gonadotropin)

If you get pregnant, what will your body start to produce?

10th

HCG enables corpus luteum to keep producing progesterone until what week?

Republic Act 9165

It is also known as “Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002”

Bureau Of Licensing and Regulation

Bureau of health facilities and services is formerly known as ?

Chemist, Chemical Engineer, Medical Technologist, Pharmacist.

Enumerate the Analyst needed in a Clinical Laboratory?

Atleast Highschool Graduate, Have undergone appropriate training

Authorized Specimen Collector Requirements?

60ml

Authorized Specimen Collector needs at least how many ml in singe or Split Specimen?

Hyphenated Technique, GCMS, LCMS, MS-MS (Tandem Mass Spectrophotometry)

Give confirmatory screening tests for facilities?

Glycolysis

Metabolism of glucose moelcule to pyruvate or lactate for production of energy

Gluconeogenesis

Formation of Glucose 6 Phosphate for energy

Glycogenolysis

Breakdown of glycogen to glucose

Glycogenesis

Conversion of glucose to glycogen for storage

Lipogenesis

Conversion of Carbohydrates to fatty acids

Lipolysis

Decomposition of Fat

T cell, Alpha cell, Delta cells, Beta cells

What cells are present in the islets of langerhans?

Endocrine glands

Secretes hormone from different cells in islets of Langerhans

Insulin, Glucagon, and Somatostatin.

Hormones present in endocrine gland?

Exocrine gland

Produces and secretes an amylase, Responsible for the breakdown of ingested carbohydrates.

Insulin

Responsible for entry of glucose in to cells, Increase lipogenesis and decrease glycogenolysis.

Glucagon

Increases glycogenolysis, increases gluconeogenesis

Cortisol

Insulin antagonists, Increases gluconeogenesis

Growth Hormone

Insulin antagonist only?

Thyroxine

increase glucose absorption from the GI tract, stimulates glycogenolysis

Primary

Insulin is belonged to which Importance? Primary or Secondary?

Primary

Glucagon is belonged to which Importance? Primary or Secondary?

Secondary

Cortisol is belonged to which Importance? Primary or Secondary?

Secondary

Epinephrine is belonged to which Importance? Primary or Secondary?

Secondary

Growth hormone is belonged to which Importance? Primary or Secondary?

Secondary

Thyroxine is belonged to which Importance? Primary or Secondary?

95%

Only (3) Diseases cause more than _______ of the medical attention devoted to the pancrease

Altered Digestion and Nutrient Metabolism

Disease of pancreas can result in?

Cystic Fibrosis, Pancreatic Carcinoma, Pancreatitis.

What are the 3 Diseases involved in Pancreas ?

Cystic Fibrosis

Is an inherited autosomal recessive disorder characterized by disfunction of mucous and exocrine glands throughout the body, causes small and large ducts and acini to dilate, A plug that blocks the lumen of the bowel.

Pancreatic Carcinoma

Fourth most frequent form of fatal cancer, causes 38,000 deaths each year in US?

7%

pancreatic carcinoma accounts for about how many percent of all deaths from malignant neoplasms.

Pancreatic Carcinoma

pain is the prominent feature of the disease

Gastrinoma’s

Overproducing gastrin is also called?

Zollinger Ellison Syndrome

Pancreatic Cell tumors can cause _______ and can be duodenal in origin

Gastric Analysis

Is used to clinically mainly to detect hypersecretion

Pancreatic Cell Tumors

Is associated with watery diarrhea, recurring peptic ulcer, and significant gastric hypersecretion and hyperacidity, associated with diabetes mellitus.

Pancreatitis

Inflammation of the pancreas

Pancreatitis

Classified as acute, chronic or relapsing current, caused by autodigestion of the pancrease as a result of reflux of bile.

Secretin/CCK Test

Direct determination of the exocrine secretory capacity of the pancreas

Fecal Fat Analysis

Is usually associated with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency or disease of the small intestine.

Sweat Electrolyte Determination

Measurement of Sodium and Chloride concentration in Sweat, Most Useful test in diagnosis of Cystic Fibrosis

Serum Test

The serum enzyme most commonly relied on for detecting pancreatic disease

Secretin, Fecal Fat Analysis, Sweat Electrolyte Determination, Serum Test.

Tests of Pancreatic function?

Secretagogues

What is the term of contact of protein breakdown products

Gastrin

Most potent stimulus to gastric secretion

Gastrin

Secreted by specialized G cells in the gastric mucosa and duodenum in response to vagal stimulation.

Pepsin

refers to a group of relatively weak proteolytic enzymes, catalyze all native proteins except mucus, Most important component of gastrin secretion

Cheap and Plentiful, Long Shelf life, easy adapt to automation, reaction using inexpensive equipments, Very Sensitive, No health hazards associated with reagents, can be quali or quanti procedures.

Advantages of ELISA

Horseradish, Glucose oxidase, Glucose-6- Phosphate Dehydrogenase, Alkaline Phosphatase, B-D-galactosidase

Enzymes used in EIA ?

Horseradish Peroxidase

This Enzyme is Cheap, Very popular, Reacts with a number of chromogens

G6PD

This enzyme uses fluorimetric means

ALP (Alkaline Phosphatase)

This enzyme is Expensive

Peroxidase

Source of Horseradish?

B-galactosidase

Source of E.coli

Alkaline Phosphatase

Source of bovine Intestine

Periodate Oxidation (Nakane Method)

Method for Peroxidase

Dimaleimide Method

Method for E. Coli

Glutaraldehyde method

Method for Bovine Intestine

Homogeneous

assay requiring no separation step ( no washing )

Heterogenous

Requires a step to physically separate bound ligand from free ( Washing )

Unlabeled patient antibody

What antibody is added in Noncompetitive ELISA

Noncompetitive ELISA

Indirect ELISA test is also known as

Solid Phase

In noncompetitive ELISA antigen is bound to what PHASE?

ELISA, Indirect ELISA

Give two heterogenous Enzyme Immunoassays