CDEP (Furniture D4)

Plastics

By product of coal, salt, oil, natural gas, cotton, wood & water from factories. Large group of synthetic materials. All plastics are polymeric & polymers may be regarded as potential plastics.

Thermoplastic

Soft when heated & hard when cooled.

Thermosetting Plastics

Set into permanent shape when heat & pressure are applied during the forming stage.

Plastic Applications

1) Rigid Foam Plastics

2) Polyurethane

3) Phenol-Formaldehyde (Phenolic Foam)

4) Urea-Formaldehyde

5) Epoxy

6) Polyester Resin Fibre-Glass Laminates

7) GRP Former Mould (Glass Reinforced Plastic)

8) Finish Mould

9) Polymethyl Methacrylate (Persper)

10) Nylon

11) Melamine (Decorative Plastic Laminates)

PVC

Polyvinyl Chloride

ABS

Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene

Ferrous Metals

Composed mainly of iron with small additions of other metals or substances

Types of Ferrous Metals

1) Wrought Iron

2) Cast Iron

3) Mild Steel

4) Stainless Steel

5) Alloy Steel

6) Copper Bearing Steel

Non-Ferous Metals

Contain little or no iron

Types of Non-Ferous Metals

1) Aluminum

2) Copper

3) Lead

4) Zinc

5) Tin

Alloy

Combination of two or more metals

Types of Alloy

1) Bronze

2) Duralumin

3) Brass

Properties of Metal

1) Age Hardening

2) Brittleness

3) Conductivity

4) Ductility

5) Elasticity

6) Fusibility

7) Hardness

8) Malleability

9) Tenacity or Cohesion

10) Work-Hardening

Mechanical Means

Application of metal with different materials.

Coating

Cleaning & chemical pre-treatment & either one or two side. Single or multiple application of liquid or powder coating materials

Non-Metalic Coating

1) Painting / Enameling

2) Laquering

3) Plastic & Nylon Coating

Metalic Coating

1) Chrome Plate

2) Nickel Plate

3) Bronze Plate

4) Silver Plate

5) Zinc Plate / Galvanized Finish

Coil Coating

Continus coating of a metal strip

Backing Coat

Single coating usually on the reverse side

Chemical Conversion Coating

Dripping or spraying to build up an oxide film containing chromates or phosphates

Priming

Application of a priming paint often pigmented with a corrosion inhibitor such as zinc chromate

Pre-Treatment Priming / Degreasing

Solution containing a resin, a chromate & an acid. Metals with grease or oil content

Single Coat System

Primer with special properties

Multiple Coat System

Primer or a base coat, possibly intermediate coat & top coat

Organic Coating

Dry paint film of the coated product or the organic film metal laminate

Film Coating

Organic film applied to a substrate to which an adhesive and primer has been applied beforehand

Laquering

Coating with formulation based on a dissolved material which forms a transparent layer primarily after drying by evaporation of the solvent.

Painting

Coating with a non-transparent formulation containing pigment

Chemical Means

Apply of acid to metal creating a reaction. Surface reaction to an acid

Chemical Brightening

Improve the optical reflectivity

Chemical Polishing

Immersion in a solution

Degreasing

Removal of oil or grease, usually by a suitable organic solvent or an aqueous detergent

Pickling

Removal of a thin surface layer of a metal by chemical action mainly by treatment in a caustic solution

Etching

Roughening of the surface of a metal by overall or selective dissolution in acid or caustic media

Electrochemical Means

A chemical change accompanying the passage of an electric current

Electropolishing

Polishing of a metal surface by making it anodic in an appropriate electrolyte

Anodized Mtal / Analok

Metal with an anodic coating produced by an electrolytic oxidation process in which the metal is converted to a mainly oxide coating having protective, decorative or functional properties.

Types of Anodized Metal

1) Clear Anodized Metal

2) Color Anodized Metal

3) Integral Color Anodized Metal

4) Electrolytically Colored Anodized Metal

5) Dyed Anodized Metal

6) Combination Color Anodized Metal

7) Interference Color Anodized Metal

8) Bright Anodized Metal

9) Protective Anodizing

10) Decorative Anodizing

11) Architectural Anodizing

12) Hard Anodized Metal

Sealing

Treatment of anodic oxidation coatings on metal to reduce porosity and the absorption capacity of the coating by hydrothermal processes carried out after anodizing

Cold Impregnation

Treatment of anodic oxidation coatings on metal to plug the pores and reduce the absorption capacity of the coating by chemical processes carried out at low temperatures after anodizing.

Significant Surface

The part of the product covered or to be covered by the coating and for which the coating is essential for serviceability and/or appearance.

Powder-coating

Colored powder that is given a positive electric charge

Means by Which Decorations may be Applied to Metals

1) Cutting

2) Embossing / Repousse

3) Engraving

4) Etching

5) Hammering

6) Chasing

Annealing

heating metal to restore it to its softest possible working state

Bluing

Treating steel to improve its corrosion-resistance. The metal is heated to create an oxide skin, and then quenched in oil.

Casting

Production of metal shapes by pouring molten metal into moulds

Extruding

Fourcing malleable materials through hoes to produce bars, sections or tubes

Forging

Shaping hot metal by hammering

Hardening

Producing maximum hardness in high carbon steel by heating it to bright cherry red, then quenching it in water or brine. This process makes metal brittle and is usually following by tempering

Pressing

forming sheet metal to shape with a press tool

Spinning

A process in which a fast revolving sheet of ductile metal is forced over a wood or metal form

Tempering

removing some of the brittleness from steel after it has been hardened. Heat and pressure

Drawing

Pulling ductile metals through holes in a plate, to reduce their cross-sectional areas

Methods of Joining Metals

1) Mechanical Method : use of hardwares

2) Soldering & Brazing : applying molten alloy

3) Welding : causing fushion

Rattan

a climbing palm that thrives on Asiatic regions. Another common material for furniture and novelties. it is pre-processed to produce round cores for making reed or wicker furniture

Types of Rattan

1) Palasan - Ō 25mm

2) Tumalim - Ō 15-25mm

3) Sika - less than Ō 15mm brightly yellow

4) Panlis - less than Ō 15mm light cream

Methods of Bending Rattan

1) Steam Bending Technique

2) Blow Torch

3) Metal Plate Heating

4) Soaking on Hot Water

Bamboo

Philippine bamboo has 31 species & 4 varieties of which 9 are commercially used. It resembles rattan but is hollow, not solid.

Intermodes

Space between nodes

Buri

Largest palm in the philippines reaching a height of 20 meters.

Wicker

A construction technique and not a material. May be made of rattan, reed, bamboo, plastic

Buntal Fibers

Processed from the petioles of leaf stalks & are woven into the famous lucban hats & buntal bag

Wicker

is a construction technique rather than a material it is a method of weaving. Derived from the scandinavian word "vika" which means "to bend"

Shells

Used increasingly in the manufucture of furniture, furnishing & accessories. The shells that are of greatest value to furniture making are calcified outer covering of the marine & land mollusks

Mother of Pearl

From abalone oyster shells & the kapis mostly used for inlays

Skins / Leathers

Important upholstery material

Types of Leather

1) Hides : larger animals

2) Skins : smaller animals

3) Kips : pelts of reptiles such as snakes & lizards

Coconut

Ideal for furniture framing (coco lumber) & can be combined with lighter wood or laminated plywood

Cocoshell

Used for the production of new range of boxes, lamps, table tops, chairs & household accessories using crushed & laminated shells, to honey or ivory white for young shells

Glass & Stone

More fragile than most plastics, glass is stronger. It must be thick enough to provide necessary support usually 1/2" thickness is sufficient

Tempered Glass

Stonger, but is rarely used in furniture because it must be cast rather than to cut to size

Marble

Common stone for furniture tends to shatter less than glass but also tends to break along veining lines

Types of Marble

1) Travertine : extreme porous

2) Granite & Slate : stronger than marble

Rough Hardware

Concealed or hidden from view

Nails

Straight, slender piece of metal having one end pointed & the other enlarged & flattened for hammering into wood.

Types of Nails

1) Bullet Head: general purpose nail

2) Casing Nail: cabinet work

3) Duplex: form work application

4) Flat Head: softwood & thin timber

5) Plasterboard: fixes plasterboard

6) Soft Sheet: for light ply

7) Blue Cut Tack: for uphostery

Bolts & Nuts

Bolts is a threaded metal, pin or rod. Nut is a square or hexagonal metal block.

Screws

A metal fastener having a tapered, helically threaded shank and a slotted head, designed to be driven into wood or the like by turning, as with a screw driver.

Types of Screw Head

1) Slotted Head: single slot

2) Phillips Head: two partial slots

3) Allen Head: axial hexagonal recess

4) Security Head: Designed to resist removal

Drawer Guides

Used for ease in opening & closing drawers

Knock Down Fittings

Found on flat-pack self-assembly furniture products that allow the items to be assembled & disassembled many times

Types of Knock Down Fittings

1) Drawer Pull Screws: drawer front knobs & pulls

2) Hanger Bolts: secure jobs

3) Heavy Duty Universal Connector: fastener for extremely strong joints

4) Hex Drive Threaded Insert: tight grip

5) Iron Dowel Screws: dual thread

6) Low Profile Threaded Insert: for thin materials

7) Minifix KD Fittings: exceptionally strong mechanical fastener

8) Panel Connectors: solidly holds cabinets & panels together

9) Glider & Glider Tacks: plastic or nail-on gliders to prevent slipping

10) Levelers / Leveling Glides: adjustable screw-on gliders to prevent slipping

11) Shelf or Shelving System / Brackets