National 5 Unit 2 - Natures Chemistry

These flashcards cover key concepts from the National 5 Chemistry curriculum related to hydrocarbons, alcohols, carboxylic acids, and their reactions.

Hydrocarbons consist of only __________ and __________.

Hydrogen and carbon

Alkanes are __________ and contain only single C—C bonds.

Saturated

The general formula for alkanes is __________.

CnH2n+2

The first four alkanes are methane, ethane, propane, and __________.

Butane

Alkenes are __________ and contain at least one C=C double bond.

Unsaturated

The general formula for alkenes is __________.

CnH2n

Cycloalkanes contain __________ bonds in a ring structure.

Single C—C

The functional group of alcohols is the __________ group.

Hydroxyl (—OH)

Carboxylic acids contain a __________ group.

Carboxyl (—COOH)

The general formula for carboxylic acids is __________.

CnH2n+1COOH

An example of an alcohol is ethanol, which has the molecular formula __________.

C2H5OH

The first four alcohols are methanol, ethanol, propanol, and __________.

Butanol

The suffix used for alkanes is __________.

—ane

The suffix used for alkenes is __________.

—ene

The suffix used for alcohols is __________.

—anol

Alkanes are commonly found in __________.

Fuels

Alkenes undergo __________ reactions due to their double bonds.

Addition

The test for unsaturation involves adding __________ water to the compound.

Bromine

If bromine water turns from yellow to colourless, the substance is __________.

Unsaturated (alkene)

Isomers have the same __________ formula but different structural formulas.

Chemical

The alkyne family contains a __________ bond between carbon atoms.

Triple C=C

Saturated hydrocarbons do not react with __________ water.

Bromine

The boiling point of hydrocarbons increases with an increase in __________.

Carbon chain length

The combustion of hydrocarbons releases __________.

Energy (heat)

The equation for combustion involves a reaction with __________.

Oxygen

In a __________ reaction, heat is released.

Exothermic

Hydrogenation is the addition of __________ to an alkene.

Hydrogen

Hydration is the addition of __________ to an alkene.

Water

The molecular formula for propene is __________.

C3H6

Alcohols increase in boiling point as __________ increases.

Molecular size

The first four carboxylic acids are methanoic, ethanoic, propanoic, and __________.

Butanoic

When performing calculations, the general formula mass (GFM) can be calculated from the __________.

Chemical formula

The full structural formula for an alkane with __________ carbons must follow a systematic naming method.

More than one

Hydrocarbons are __________ in water.

Insoluble

An __________ series is a group of compounds with the same general formula.

Homologous

The test for alcohols involves identifying the __________ group.

Hydroxyl (—OH)

The general formula for cycloalkanes is __________.

CnH2n

The boiling point of liquids generally __________ as the size and complexity of the molecules increase.

Increases

Alkanes do not react with bromine water and remain __________.

Yellow

Alkenes are useful in the production of __________ due to their reactivity.

Plastics

The combustion of ethanol produces __________ and __________.

Carbon dioxide and water

Compounds with the formula C3H8 belong to the __________ series.

Alkane

The boiling point of nonane is __________ °C.

Predictable at 150 - 154 based on carbon number

The systematic name for the isomer of but-1-ene with a methyl branch is __________.

2-methylprop-1-ene

A __________ is a substance that burns to produce energy.

Fuel

The first four members of the alkyne series are ethyne, propyne, butyne, and __________.

Pentyne

Hydration of an alkene produces an __________.

Alcohol

Separated branches in naming hydrocarbons can use the prefixes __________ or __________ if repeated.

Di or Tri

Alkenes are characterized by a __________ bond between carbon atoms.

Double (C=C)

What are polymers?

Polymers are large molecules made up of repeating units called monomers.

What is a common example of a natural polymer?

Cellulose, which is found in plants.

What are fertilizers used for?

Fertilizers are used to enhance the growth of plants by providing essential nutrients.

What are the main nutrients typically found in fertilizers?

Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium.

What is an example of a homologous series?

Alkanes, alkenes, or alkynes are examples of homologous series.

How does energy from fuels occur?

Energy from fuels is released through combustion, which generates heat.

What is the general formula for alkenes?

CnH2n.

Define homologous series.

A homologous series is a group of compounds that have the same general formula and similar chemical properties.

What are the environmental impacts of fertilizers?

Excess use of fertilizers can lead to water pollution and eutrophication.

What is the process of polymerization?

Polymerization is the process by which monomers join together to form a polymer.

What is energy density?

Energy density refers to the amount of energy stored in a given system or region of space per unit volume.

How does the structure of a polymer affect its properties?

The arrangement and bonding of the monomers affect the polymer's strength, flexibility, and melting point.