IQ

Intelligence definition

Ability to act purposefully and adapt to environment

g factor

General intelligence factor proposed by Spearman

Multiple intelligences

Gardner’s theory of diverse abilities

Psychometric approach

Intelligence measured by standardized tests

Binet test

First modern intelligence test

IQ test limitation

Does not fully capture intelligence

Cross-sectional finding

Shows age-related IQ decline

Longitudinal finding

Shows stability or improvement

Practice effect

Improvement from repeated testing

Fluid intelligence

Problem-solving and reasoning ability

Crystallized intelligence

Knowledge gained from experience

Fluid decline

Linked to processing speed reduction

Crystallized stability

Often maintained or increased

Flynn effect

IQ scores rising across generations

Adult specialization

Narrow domain expertise

Post-formal thought

Flexible and relativistic thinking

Divergent thinking

Many possible solutions

Convergent thinking

One correct solution

Hasher finding

Distraction may aid later creativity

Cohort effect intelligence

Education differences across generations

Timed tests disadvantage

Older adults due to slower speed

Sensory decline effect

Impacts IQ test performance

Hardware

Fluid intelligence

Software

Crystallized intelligence

Validity concern

What IQ tests truly measure

Army Alpha tests

Early large-scale IQ testing

Baltes argument

Myth of intellectual decline

Horn and Cattell

Proposed fluid versus crystallized distinction

Creativity in aging

Broadened attention aids idea generation

Specialization example

Older physicians outperform in diagnosis

Overall pattern

Fluid declines and crystallized remains stable