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Intelligence definition
Ability to act purposefully and adapt to environment
g factor
General intelligence factor proposed by Spearman
Multiple intelligences
Gardner’s theory of diverse abilities
Psychometric approach
Intelligence measured by standardized tests
Binet test
First modern intelligence test
IQ test limitation
Does not fully capture intelligence
Cross-sectional finding
Shows age-related IQ decline
Longitudinal finding
Shows stability or improvement
Practice effect
Improvement from repeated testing
Fluid intelligence
Problem-solving and reasoning ability
Crystallized intelligence
Knowledge gained from experience
Fluid decline
Linked to processing speed reduction
Crystallized stability
Often maintained or increased
Flynn effect
IQ scores rising across generations
Adult specialization
Narrow domain expertise
Post-formal thought
Flexible and relativistic thinking
Divergent thinking
Many possible solutions
Convergent thinking
One correct solution
Hasher finding
Distraction may aid later creativity
Cohort effect intelligence
Education differences across generations
Timed tests disadvantage
Older adults due to slower speed
Sensory decline effect
Impacts IQ test performance
Hardware
Fluid intelligence
Software
Crystallized intelligence
Validity concern
What IQ tests truly measure
Army Alpha tests
Early large-scale IQ testing
Baltes argument
Myth of intellectual decline
Horn and Cattell
Proposed fluid versus crystallized distinction
Creativity in aging
Broadened attention aids idea generation
Specialization example
Older physicians outperform in diagnosis
Overall pattern
Fluid declines and crystallized remains stable