Week 1- Female reproduction

Exam 1

Breast tissue

• Stroma- connective tissue or the in between stuff

• Epithelium- skin

• Adipose- fat

Benign breast disease

Based on cellular changes of the breast tissue. Can be proliferative or nonproliferation.

Etiology:

• All noncancerous allments of breast tissue.

• Common is fibrocystic disease, fibroadenoma, intraductal papilloma, and abcess

S/S:

• Pain in the breast

• A palpable mass- solid or fluid filled

• Nipple discharge- milk white, yellow, or green. Medications that can cause discharge are oral contraceptives, antidepressants, and any medication that alters the dopamine levels in the brain

Testing:

• Exam of tissue- touch and feel

• Ultrasound- can visualize the tumor to see if it is solid or fluid filled

• Mammography- changes that occur in the epithelium, fat, and stoma

• Biopsy- differentiate the mass contents.

Treatment:

• Often non needed, however, lesions cause a lot of anxiety os patient education on self breast exam, when to follow up with a provider for changes, and prevention strategies.

Proliferative

Increase in cell production and carry an increased risk of breast cancer.

Nonproliferation

No increase in cell production and there is no increased risk of breast cancer.

Mastitis

Often causing infection. Form of cellulitis. Can also occur die to plugged milk ducts (glactocelem) and results in inadequate drainage of the breast.

Etiology:

• Erythema and painful inflammation of the breast

• most common in breastfeeding

• May be triggered by nipple irritation, tissue trauma, or chafing from ineffective infant latch

Manifestations:

• Most appear within 4-6 weeks after childbirth

• Local tenderness, swelling, warmth, erythema, and consistency or intermittent pain in one breast while breastfeeding.

• Flu-like symptoms, fever, chills. body aches, headaches, loss of appetite.

Treatment:

• Improving breastfeeding technique

• OTC ibuprofen or acetaminophen; cold compress

• Adequate rest, healthy diet

• Lancing and drainage PRN

Galactorrhea

Discharge of milk or milk-like substance from breast in absence of pregnancy or >6 months postpartum in women who did not breastfeed.

Manifestations: headache, hanged in weight/appetite, history of thyroid or endocrine disorder, visual changes.

Diagnosis: prolactin levels, thyroxine and TSH elevates, CT, MRI

Treatment: Dopamine agonist; bromocriptine, cabergoline, or quinagolide.

Normal menstrual cycle

Monthly cycles of changes in the ovaries and uterus that produces an ovum, making pregnancy possible. Menstruation is the endpoint of this cycle if the egg is not fertilized.

Menstruation

Blood and mucosal lining that has built up in the uterus is discharges through the vagina.

Estrogen effect

Heart: protects from cholesterol

Liver: reduces cholesterol in blood

Ovary: produced from growing eggs

Uterus: monthly preparation for pregnancy or menstrual cycle

Vagina: makes it loud and protects it from infection

Brain: helps adjust temperature, increases memory and adjusts libido

Breast: grows and shapes breast, prepare breast for feeding

Skin: makes skin young

Bone: strengthens bone and increase its density.

Dysmenorrhea

Etiology: primary- painful menstrual cycle in absence of pelvic disease. Secondary- result of underlying disease, such as endometriosis or PID. Pain from primary caused by increased prostaglandin levels.

Manifestations: primary- usually occurs