Tobira Lesson 1 Grammar

Noun (で／から）できる

"to be made of/from/out of" から indicates the materials are not obvious. Generic statement.

"で=be made of; be made out of"

"から=be made from"

Noun （で／から）できている

"to be made of/from/out of" から indicates the materials are not obvious. Used when describing something specific.

"で=be made of; be made out of"

"から=be made from"

Adj‐stem ＋ さ

Attached to stem of adjective to form a noun.

"-ness; -ty"

{Nounの／Verb｝ように

X resembles Y; when X is as Y shows, says, explains, etc.; when X does something as shown/said/explained/etc. in/by Y.

"like; as; as if"

∼は∼で｛有名だ／知られている｝

Noun or S＋こと occurs before で to state what X is famous for or the reason that X is famous.

"X is famous for Y"

"X is know because of Y"

Verb Stem/i-adj stem＋く

Sentence connector. Used in written language.

"And"

Verb Short (non-past)こと｛が／も｝ある

が is used when something occurs (or someone does something) occasionally. も implies that something else may occur.

DO NOT CONFUSE WITH PASTことがある!

"There are times when~"

"Sometimes~"

Noun1/Question word∼か／∼かどうか｝はNoun2によって違う

Something differs depending on the situation, location, time, etc.

"differ depending on~"

Noun1/Question word∼か／∼かどうか｝はNoun2による

Something differs depending on the situation, location, time, etc.

"depend on~"

Verb stem始める

"Begin to…"

"Begin V-ing"

Noun１＋Particle＋の＋Noun2

友達へのプレゼント= a present for a friend

日本での仕事= a job in Japan

先生とのミーティング= a meeting with the teacher

8時からのパーティ= a party which starts at 8

京都までの新幹線（しんかんせん）の切符（きっぷ）= a ticket to Kyoto

∼はSentenceと言われている

Used to introduce something commonly said about something or someone. Formal.

"~ is said to be ~"

"It is said that ~"

∼と言えば

Used to present, as the topic, something or someone that has just been mentioned by the hearer or speaker.

"If you say that~"

"Speaking of~"

∼とか

Used to list examples non-exhaustively. Similar to や but can be used with verbs.

"Things/places/etc. like~"

"and"

"or"

∼というのは｛Nounのこと／Nounということ／Sentenceということ／Sentenceという意味｝だ

Used to provide the meaning or definition of a word or phrase.

"X means ~"

"The meaning of X is ~"

"What X means is~"

∼だけ｛でなく（て）／じゃなく（て）｝、∼も

"Not only X, but also Y"

Particles に、へ、で、と、or から may appear before も.

Nounって

A colloquial topic marker. It often appears in questions. In written language, は can be used. Casual.

"Speaking on~"

"As for~"

∼って｛いう／聞く／etc.}

"(tell, hear, say, etc.) that~"

N1っていうN2 = N2 called N1