Advanced Bio Final

Mitosis

Mitosis

Process of cell duplication in which one cell creates two genetically identical daughters.

Meiosis

A special form of cell division in which each daughter cell receives half the amount of DNA as the parent cell.

Chromatin

The material of which the chromosomes of organisms are composed. It contains protein, RNA, and DNA

Chromosome

A structure found inside the nucleus of a cell. Each cell normally contains 23 pairs of chromosomes.

Centromere

Holds together chromatids. Where the spindle fibers attach.

Spindle Fibers

Pulls the chromosomes to the poles and breaks the centromere.

Parent Cell

A cell that is the source of other cells.

Daughter Cell

Genetically identical cells that are formed during mitosis.

Gamete

Sex cells.

Homologous Chromosome

Two chromosomes in a pair. One inherited from the mother and the other inherited from the father.

Gene

The basic unit of heredity passed from parent to child.

Dominant Allele

Shows up when both alleles are present.

Recessive Allele

Does not show up.

Homozygous

Same. (SS or ss)

Heterozygous

Different (Ss)

Phenotype

Appearance.

Genotype.

Genes.

Sex-Linked Trait

Characteristics that are influenced by genes carried on the sex chromosomes.

Incomplete Dominance

Neither allele is dominant. (Ex. Color of Flowers)

Codominance

Both alleles are equally dominant. (Ex. Roan Cattle)

Multiple Alleles

More than two gene forms exist for the same trait. (Ex. Blood Type).

Pedigree

Shows relationships between family members and indicates which individuals have certain traits, variants, and diseases.

DNA

The molecule inside cells that contains the genetic information responsible for the development and function of an organism.

mRNA

Contains the code and takes the code from the nucleus to the ribosome. (Messenger)

tRNA

Carries amino acids. (Transfer)

rRNA

Makes up a ribosome. (Ribosomal)

Nitrogen Bases

Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, Thymine, and Uracil.

Sugar-Phosphate Backbone

Forms the structural framework of nucleic acids.

Nucleotide

A molecule containing a nitrogen base, a sugar, and a phosphate group.

Hydrogen Bond

Connects nitrogen bases.

Phosphodiester Bond

Connects the phosphate group and the sugar.

Glycosidic Bond

Connects the sugar and the nitrogen base.

Double Helix

Shape of DNA.

Replication

Process that produces two identical copies of DNA from one original DNA molecule.

Leading Strand

Replicated in the 3’ to 5’ direction.

Lagging Strand

Replicated in the 5’ to 3’ direction. DNA is added in discontinuous Okazaki Fragments.

DNA Polymerase

Proofreads DNA. Controls DNA replication and connecting of nucleotides.

DNA Helicase

Unwinds the double helix by breaking the hydrogen bonds between bases.

Primer

Short strand of RNA that starts DNA replication.

Okazaki Fragment

Short pieces of DNA that are components of lagging strand synthesis.

Transcription

Copying a segment of DNA into RNA.

Ribosome

Perform protein synthesis.

Coding Side

The portion of a gene’s DNA that codes for protein.

Noncoding Side

The side where the RNA attaches. Doesn’t code for a protein.

Translation

Process of translating the sequence of mRNA into a sequence of amino acids.

Codon

Three consecutive nucleotides that code for a specific amino acid.

Anticodon

Trinucleotide sequence on the bottom of tRNA molecule. Corresponds to a nucleotide sequence on mRNA.

Amino Acid

Molecules that combine to form proteins.

Peptide Bond

Bond between the amino acids.

Electrophoresis

Used to separate DNA molecules based on their size.

Restriction Enzyme

Chemical that cuts DNA at specific locations.

Restriction Site

Where the DNA is cut by the restriction enzyme.

DNA Palindrome

4 to 6 letters read the same 5’ to 3’. What the restriction enzyme looks for.

Sticky End

When the restriction enzyme cuts unevenly.

Blunt End

When the restriction enzyme cuts evenly.

Complementary

Ends that are cut with the same enzyme.

Agarose Gel

What the DNA moves through in electrophoresis.

Buffer Solution

Solution containing ions so that electricity can move through it.

Well

Where the DNA was placed in the gel.

Comb

What formed the wells.

Recombinant DNA

Combining DNA from two or more sources.

Transformation

Foreign genetic material is taken up by a cell.

Plasmid

Small, circular DNA in many bacteria and gets copied when bacteria reproduce. No vital genes.

Competent

Able to take in plasmid DNA.

Vector

Anything used to insert DNA into another organism. (Ex. Virus)

PCR

Used to make many copes of a specific piece of DNA from a sample that has little DNA.

Microarray/Gene Chip

Used to analyze large amounts of DNA at once.