Chemistry Final Review 2024

Bishop Kenny 2024 Mr. Colborne

Define accuracy

How close a measurement is to the actual true value of (being correct)

Define precision

How close a series of measurement are to one another (repeatability)

What is a graduated cylinder used for?

Measure volume of liquids (most accurate)

What is a beaker used for?

Hold liquids (volume)

What is a flask used for?

Measure, hold, mix etc. liquids (volume)

What is an electronic balance used for?

Measuring mass

What is a barometer used for?

Measure air pressure

What is a manometer used for?

Measure pressure of fluid or gas

What is a calorimeter used for?

Measure heat of a reaction

What is a thermometer used for?

Measures temperature

What is a hot plate used for?

Heat samples

What is the kinetic energy of a solid?

Least

What is the kinetic energy of a liquid?

Medium

What is the kinetic energy of a gas?

High

What is the potential energy of a solid?

Low

What is the potential energy of a liquid?

Medium

What is the potential energy of a gas?

High

What does entropy refer to?

Disorder

What is the entropy of a solid?

Low

What is the entropy of a liquid?

Medium

What is the entropy of a gas?

High

What is the density of a solid?

High

What is the density of a liquid?

Medium

What is the density of a gas?

Low

What is the compressibility of a solid?

Low

What is the compressibility of a liquid?

Medium

What is the compressibility of a gas?

High

What is the shape of a solid?

Definite

What is the shape of a liquid?

Indefinite

What is the shape of a gas?

Indefinite

What is the volume of a solid?

Definite

What is the volume of a liquid?

Definite

What is the volume of a gas?

Indefinite

What is the formula to convert from Celsius to Kelvin?

°C + 273 = K

Who proposed that electrons are arranged in concentric circular paths?

Bohr

Who discovered that electrons in a given orbit have a fixed energy (quantized)?

Bohr

Which isotope is used for the standard amu?

Carbon-12

Where does the mass number go on the symbol of an element?

Top left

Where does the atomic number go on the symbol of an element?

Bottom left

Where does the charge go on the symbol of an element?

Top right

Where is the proton located in the atom?

Nucleus

Where is the neutron located in the atom?

Nucleus

Where is the electron located in the atom?

Electron cloud

What is the mass of a proton?

1 amu

What is the mass of a neutron?

1 amu

What is the mass of an electron?

0 amu

What is the charge of a proton?

Positive

What is the charge of a neutron?

Neutral

What is the charge of an electron?

Negative

What is an ion?

An atom that has gained/lost one or more electrons

What charge does a cation have?

Positive

What charge does an anion have?

Negative

What is an isotope?

Atoms that have the same number of protons but different number of neutrons

What does amu stand for?

Atomic Mass Unit

What is the shape of the s-orbital?

Sphere

What is the shape of the p-orbital?

Dumbbell

What is the shape of the d-orbital?

Four-leaf clover; dumbbell with a donut

Describe how a bright line spectrum is made?

Excited state electrons (higher energy) travel to more stable state (lower energy)

What is Hund'd rule?

One electron in each orbital of same energy before that double up

What is Aufbua principle?

Lowest energy first

What is Pauli Exclusion principle?

-Only 2 electrons per orbital

- Must have opposite spins

-No two electrons can have the same 4 quantum numbers

What is the name of Group 1?

Alkali Metals

What is the name of Group 2?

Alkaline Earth Metals

What is the name of Group 17?

Halogens

What is the name of Group 18?

Noble Gases

What charge does Group 1 form?

+1

What charge does Group 2 form?

+2

What charge does Group 17 form?

-1

What charge does Group 18 form?

0

Where are the lanthanides located on the periodic table?

F-block; Elements 57-71

Where are the actinides located on the periodic table?

F-block; Elements 89-103

Which elements are semi-metals?

Elements that have characteristics of metals and non-metals

Where are semi-metals found on the periodic table?

Found on the "staircase" (except Aluminum)

Where are metals found on the periodic table?

Left of staircase + f-block

What are properties of metals?

-Shiny/Luster

-Solid at 25C (expect Hg, which is liquid)

-Lose electrons easily

-Malleable

-Ductile

Where are nonmetals found on the periodic table?

Right of staircase + hydrogen

What are properties of nonmetals?

-Gases/Brittle solids (except for Br, which is liquid at 25C)

-Dull Looking/No Luster

-Poor conductor of heat and or electricity

-Gains/Shares electrons

What is atomic radium?

Size of the atom

What is the table trend for atomic radius?

Top Right-High, Bottom Left-Low

What is the group trend (top to bottom) for atomic radius?

High —> Low

What is the period trend (left to right) for atomic radius?

Low —> High

What is Electronegativity?

Tendency to attract electrons to itself in a bond (sharing e-)

What is the table trend for Electronegativity?

Top Right-High, Bottom Left-Low

What is the group trend (Top to Bottom) for Electronegativity?

High —> Low

What is the period trend (Left to Right) for Electronegativity?

Low —> High

What is ionization energy?

The energy required to remove 1 electron

What is the table trend for ionization energy?

Top Right-High, Bottom Left-Low

What is the group trend (Top to Bottom) for ionization energy?

High —> Low

What is the period trend (Left to Right) for ionization energy?

Low —> High

What is electron affinity?

The energy change when an electron is added

What is the table trend for electron affinity?

Top Right-High, Bottom Left-Low

What is the group trend (Top to Bottom) for electron affinity?

High —> Low

What is the period trend (Left to Right) for electron affinity?

Low —> High

Which elements are diatomic when found in nature?

-Nitrogen

-Oxygen

-Fluorine

-Bromine

-Iodine

-Hydrogen

What type of elements form ionic bonds?

Metal + Nonmetal

What type of elements form covalent bonds?

Nonmetal + Nonmetal

What is a synthesis reaction?

Putting two elements together to form one element

What reaction is represented by the following: A + B —> AB?

Synthesis

What is a decomposition/analysis reaction?

Breaking down a compound into 2+ parts

What reaction is represented by the following: AB —> A + B?

Decomposition