APUSH Ch. 20 Terms

Muckrakers

Investigative journalists during the Progressive Era who exposed corruption, social injustices, and problems in American society through their writing

Ida Tarbell

Muckraking journalist who wrote exposés on the Standard Oil Company, revealing John D. Rockefeller's monopolistic business practices

Lincoln Steffens

Muckraking journalist known for exposing urban political corruption in his work "The Shame of the Cities"

Social Gospel Movement

A religious movement that applied Christian ethics to social problems, emphasizing social justice and reform to help the poor and working class

Salvation Army

Christian charitable organization founded to provide aid to the poor, homeless, and destitute through practical assistance and spiritual guidance

Pope Leo XIII

Pope who issued the encyclical "Rerum Novarum" in 1891, addressing workers' rights and social justice issues

Father John Ryan

Catholic priest and advocate for social justice who promoted workers' rights, minimum wage, and economic reforms

Hull House

Settlement house founded in Chicago in 1889 to provide social services, education, and cultural programs to immigrants and the urban poor

Jane Addams

Social reformer and co-founder of Hull House who became a leading figure in the settlement house movement and women's rights

Thorstein Veblen

Economist and sociologist who wrote "The Theory of the Leisure Class," critiquing conspicuous consumption and the wealthy elite

GFWC

General Federation of Women's Clubs, a network of women's organizations that promoted civic improvement, education, and social reform

Women's Trade Union League

Organization founded in 1903 to advocate for women workers' rights, better working conditions, and unionization

NAWSA

National American Woman Suffrage Association, the leading organization fighting for women's right to vote through state-by-state campaigns

Carrie Chapman Catt

President of NAWSA who developed the "Winning Plan" strategy that helped achieve passage of the 19th Amendment

Anna Howard Shaw

Physician, minister, and suffragist who served as president of NAWSA from 1904 to 1915

19th Amendment

Constitutional amendment ratified in 1920 that granted women the right to vote

Alice Paul

Militant suffragist who founded the National Woman's Party and advocated for more radical tactics to achieve women's suffrage

Equal Rights Amendment

Proposed amendment written by Alice Paul in 1923 to guarantee equal rights for women under the Constitution

Secret Ballot

Voting reform that allowed voters to cast their ballots privately, reducing voter intimidation and election fraud

Commission Plan

Form of city government where elected commissioners each manage specific city departments

City Manager

Professional administrator appointed to run city operations under a council-manager form of government

Samuel "Golden Rule" Jones

Reform mayor of Toledo, Ohio, who applied Christian principles to city governance and improved workers' conditions

Initiative

Reform allowing citizens to propose new laws by gathering petition signatures for direct voter consideration

Referendum

Process allowing voters to approve or reject laws passed by the legislature through direct voting

Recall

Procedure enabling voters to remove elected officials from office before their term ends through a special election

Direct Primary

Election reform allowing party members to vote directly for their party's candidates rather than having party bosses choose

Robert La Follette

Progressive governor and senator from Wisconsin who championed political reforms, regulation, and the "Wisconsin Idea"

Triangle Shirtwaist Fire

Deadly 1911 factory fire in New York City that killed 146 workers and spurred workplace safety reforms

W.E.B. Du Bois

African American intellectual, civil rights activist, and co-founder of the NAACP who advocated for immediate equality

Niagara Movement

African American civil rights organization founded in 1905 by W.E.B. Du Bois and others demanding full civil rights and an end to discrimination

NAACP

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, civil rights organization founded in 1909 to fight racial discrimination and violence

The Souls of Black Folk

1903 book by W.E.B. Du Bois addressing the African American experience and critiquing Booker T. Washington's accommodationist approach

Ida Wells Barnett

African American journalist and activist who led the anti-lynching crusade and fought for civil rights and women's suffrage

WCTU

Woman's Christian Temperance Union, organization that advocated for prohibition of alcohol and other social reforms

Eugenics

Pseudoscientific movement advocating selective breeding to improve the human race, often used to justify racism and forced sterilization

Socialists

Political group advocating for collective or government ownership of production and distribution of goods to achieve economic equality

Eugene Debs

Labor leader and Socialist Party candidate who ran for president five times, advocating for workers' rights and socialism

IWW

Industrial Workers of the World, radical labor union known as the "Wobblies" that sought to organize all workers into one big union

Louis Brandeis

Progressive lawyer and Supreme Court justice known as "the people's attorney" who defended workers' rights and opposed monopolies

Theodore Roosevelt

Progressive president (1901-1909) who championed trust-busting, conservation, consumer protection, and the Square Deal

William McKinley

25th President whose assassination in 1901 brought Theodore Roosevelt to the presidency

Northern Securities Company

Railroad holding company that Roosevelt's administration successfully prosecuted for violating antitrust laws

United Mine Workers Strike of 1902

Coal miners' strike that Roosevelt mediated, forcing owners to negotiate and setting a precedent for federal intervention

Square Deal

Theodore Roosevelt's domestic program promising fair treatment for workers, consumers, and businesses through regulation and reform

Hepburn Act

1906 law strengthening the Interstate Commerce Commission's power to regulate railroad rates and prevent discriminatory pricing

Pure Food and Drug Act

1906 law requiring accurate labeling of food and drugs and banning the sale of adulterated or misbranded products

Meat Inspection Act

1906 law requiring federal inspection of meat processing plants to ensure sanitary conditions and safe products

Conservation

Movement to protect and preserve natural resources through responsible management and government regulation

Gifford Pinchot

First chief of the U.S. Forest Service who promoted scientific forestry and conservation of natural resources

Sierra Club

Environmental organization founded by John Muir in 1892 to protect wilderness areas and promote conservation

John Muir

Naturalist and preservationist who advocated for protecting wilderness areas and founded the Sierra Club

Hetch Hetchy Controversy

Debate over damming the Hetch Hetchy Valley in Yosemite, pitting conservationists against preservationists

Panic of 1907

Financial crisis and bank run that led to calls for banking reform and eventually the Federal Reserve System

William Howard Taft

Roosevelt's successor as president (1909-1913) whose more conservative approach split the Republican Party

Payne-Aldrich Tariff

1909 tariff that lowered some rates but disappointed progressives who wanted more significant reductions

Ballinger-Pinchot Dispute

Controversy over Interior Secretary Ballinger's conservation policies that widened the rift between Taft and progressives

Bull Moose Party

Progressive Party formed by Theodore Roosevelt in 1912 after splitting from the Republicans to challenge Taft

Woodrow Wilson

Democratic president (1913-1921) who implemented progressive reforms known as the New Freedom program

Underwood-Simmons Tariff

1913 law that significantly reduced tariff rates and included the first income tax under the 16th Amendment

Federal Reserve Act

1913 law creating the Federal Reserve System to regulate banking, control money supply, and stabilize the economy

16th Amendment

Constitutional amendment ratified in 1913 authorizing Congress to levy an income tax

Clayton Antitrust Act

1914 law strengthening antitrust regulations and exempting labor unions from being considered illegal combinations

Federal Trade Commission

Agency created in 1914 to investigate and prevent unfair business practices and enforce antitrust laws

Interstate Commerce Act

1887 law creating the Interstate Commerce Commission to regulate railroad rates and prevent discriminatory practices