CDEP (History D6)

Impressionisim

A movement in French paintings sometimes called "optical realisim" because of its almost scientific interest in the actual visual experience and effect of light and movement on appearance of objects.

General Features of Impressionisim Art

1) Light and its reflection

2) Quickly painted surfaces

3) Dots, dashes, commas and other short brushstrokes

4) Bright pure colors and separating them

5) Modern life as the subject matter

Claude Monet

Landscape impressionist and leader of the pleinarists (people believed in working outdoors)

Edouard Manet

Painted with full brush and full strokes, placement of colors side by side, placing a concentration of light on an important feature of the picture to record the impression of the eye naturally and immediately receives.

Edgar Degas

Worked in pastels and oil. Adopted the big diagonal viewpoint and abrupt cutting of composition by picture frame. His favorite subject was ballet.

Pierre August Renoir

Artist of genre and portrait of real people. He was intrested in the interplay of colors caused by flickerings of sunshine and shadow, and his tone harmonies are attained by innumerable light refractions.

Rodin

Sculptor. Interested in conveying dynamic, experimental process, rather than in the finished work itself.

Post-Impressionisim

Reaction against the empirical realisim of impressionisim by relying on systematic calculation and scientific theory to achieve predetermined visual effects

Pointilisim

The elements especially, the figures, are more solidly & conventionally defined & composition is more conservative.

George Pierre Seurat

Originated the pointillism technique (also confettiism). This new technique is based on the skillful putting side by side touches of pure color.

Symbolisim

A movement providing an intelectual alternative to the purely visual painting of the impressionist, inspiring surrealists.

Paul Gaugain

Applied paint smoothly, colors are bright in flat, unmodeled shapes. Painted tropical landscapes and brown-skinned natives.

Synthesim

A theory of art that posted works of art ought to blend three primary elements: the outward appearance of the subject, the artist's emotional reaction to the subject, and artistic choices of color, form and line. (reality & emotion)

Paul Cezanne

Pre-cubism : Simple handling of masses and planes given depth by structure, color and unconventional perspective. Leader of synthetism

Fauvisim

From fauve (wild beast) used to describe paintings depicting wild beasts in use of brilliant luminous colors and bold, spontaneous handling of paint.

Henri Matisse

Leader of the fauves. His paintings have an extraordinarily decorative quality with flat patterned compsitions in pure colors.

Arts and Crafts Movement

Movement that originated in England as reaction against poor quality mass produced goods. Conceiving of craft & decoration as a single entity in the hand crafting of both utilitarian & decorative subjects.

Rationalisim

A design movement that emphasized the decorative use of materials and textures and the development of ornament as an integral part of a structure rather than as an applied ornament

William Morris

Leader of Rationalism. Associated with the Pre-Raphaelite Movement. He championed the cause of the craftsmen and encouraged a return to the skill of weaving, handprinting, etc.

Art Nouveau

A style of fine and applied arts characterized by fluid, undulating motifs often derived from natural forms. (New Art)

Versions of Art Nouveau

1) Style Guimard - in france after Hector Guimard

2) Stile Floreale - (floral style) in Italy

3) Stile Liberty - after british designer Arthur Lassen by Liberty

4) Modernismo - spanish version

5) Sezzesionistil - (Vienna Secession) in Austria

6) Jugenstijl - german-speaking countries for "youth style"

The Sagrada Familia

-Tall building of stone vegetation

-Filled with iconography

-3 portals

-Nativity & passion of christ, death

-4 towers = 4 gospel

-Jesus & Mary tower

-18 towers

Art Deco

Style of decoartive art developed in the 1920s with a revival in the 1960s, headed chiefly by geometric motifs, streamlined and curvilinear forms, sharply-defined outlines, often bold colors, and the use of synthetic materials. (Exposition Internationale Des Artes Decoratifs et Industriels Modernes)

Art Deco Distinguishing Features

-Simple, clean shapes

-Geometric or stylized

-Expensive Materials (plastics, bakelite; vita-glass and ferrocrete) in additon to natural ones

Art Deco Architecture

-Setbacks (inward steps)

-Narrow strips of windows

-Mesopotamian / Egyptian inspired

Expressionisim

Opposition to academic standards and emphasized artists subjective emotion which overrides fidelity to the actual appearance of things. (Intensely personal art form)

General Expressionisim Features

-Representational accuracy is sacrificed (distorted)

-Strong outlines and bold colors

-Simpler and more direct

-Thick impasto paint

Vincen Van Gogh

Greatest Dutch painter since the Baroque times. Subjects reflected as social consciousness reminiscent of Realisim; use of powerful brushstrokes

Edward Munch

Norwegian painter and printmaker whose intense, evocative treatment of psychological and emotional themes was a major influence on the development of German Expressionism in the early 20th C.

Abstraction

Movement of conscious and methodolical destruction of particular and recognizable in appearance; Artistic elimination of rational visual association (not meant to be interpreted)

Wassily Kandinsky

Influential Russian painter and art theorist. Credited with painting the first abstract works.

Cubisim

Showed objects in their basic geometric shapes.

George Braque

French painter and leader of cubisim. Large compositions incorporated the cubist aim of representing the world as seen from a number of different viewpoints.

Pablo Picasso

Spanish painter and sculptor. Best known as co-founder of cubisim. Known as the father of collage

Collage

Textural effects using paper and other materials in the composition

Simultaneity in Art

Concurrent presentation of 2/3 side of an object

Blue Period

Painted beggars and miserable humanity

Rose Period

Painted circus subjects

Marcel Duchamp

More associated with Dadaisim and Surrealisim, first forayed in cubisim.

Phases in Cubisim

1) Early Phase

2) Analytic - founded by Picasso and Braque. Use of geometric shapes and monochromatic color

3) Synthetic - more colorful. Overlapping planes

De Stijl

School of art founded in the Netherlands. Marked especially by the use of black and white with primary colors, rectangular forms and asymmetry. Founded by architect Gerrit Rietveld and artists Theo Van Doesburg and Piet Mondrian.

Piet Mondrian

Recognized as the purest and most methodolical of the early abstractionists. Limited color palette (black, white and the 3 primary colors). Use of asymetrical balance and a simplified pictorial vocabulary were crucial in the development of modern art.

Modernisim

A deliberate philosophical and practical estrangement from the past in the arts and literature occuring in the course of the 20th century.

General Features of Modernisim

-Rejection of historical styles as a source of architectural form (historicisim)

-Form follows function

Bauhaus Design

A school of design established in Niemar, Germany by Walter Gropius. The concepts where characterized chiefly by the synthesis of technology, craft and design aesthetics, with an emphasis on functional design in architecture and applied arts

General Features of Bauhaus

-Functionality

-Asymetry and regularity

Walter Gropius

German architect, founder of the Bauhaus School.

Ludwig Mies Van Der Rohe

German-American architect who was a principal exponent of the international style. Universally known as the pioneer for skyscrapers.

Marcel Breuer

The director of the cabinet making workshop at Bauhaus, his reputation was based on his invention of steel furniture, one big residence, two apartment houses, some shop interiors and several competition entries.

International Style

An architecural style that is minimalist in concept, devoid of regional characterisitics, stresses functionalisim, and rejects all

-nonessential decorative elements

-emphasizes the horizontal aspects of a building

Philip Johnson

Credited pioneer of the international style

General Features of International Style

-Rectilinear forms

-Light, taut plane surfaces that have been completely stripped of applied ornamentation and decoration

-Open interior spaces

-Visually weightless quality engendered by the use of cantilever construction

Louis Sullivan

Established the credo "form follows function" called the father of modernisim.

Frank Lloyd Wright

One of the most prolific and influential architects of the 20th century. He defined a North American Style of architecture which was rich in emotion and sensitive surroundings. An apprentice of Sullivan. Believed that architecture was an extension of the environment (organic architecture). Claimed to have invented the open plan interior.

Prairie Style

A style of American domestic architecture characterized by:

1) 2 storey-height with wings and/or porches of one storey, integrated with its site to provide a low, horizontal appearance

2) the central portion of the house usually higher than the adjacent flanking wings.

3) Frank Lloyd Wright

Le Corbusier (Charles Edouard Jeanneret)

Known universally as "Corbu" (Raven) wrote vers une architecture which he made an intriguing link between greek temples, gothic cathedrals, aircrafts, cars, & ocean liners with the new architecture. The house "as a machine for living in". Started the idea of anthropometrics and modular

5 Points of New Architecture

-Pilotis

-Free Plan

-Free Facade

-Horizontal Window

-Roof Garden

Dadaisim

Movement aimed at ridiculing and destroying the idea of art; its importance lies not in its antics but in its break with outmoded ways to gain new freedom for the artist in his search for new meaning and fun.

Surrealisim

An artisitic movement in hunt of science of expression of the subconscious; As a movement it came to begin after French poet Andre Breton after he published "Manifesto de Surrealisme"